Integrating traditional chinese medicine and modern pharmacology: The role of Jiang Huang (curcumin) in cardiovascular health

Abstract

Introduction

: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, driven by mechanisms such as oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid imbalance. Curcumin, the principal bioactive constituent of Curcuma longa (turmeric), has long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to improve circulation and alleviate stasis. Modern pharmacological evidence suggests it may offer cardiovascular protection.

Methods

: This review synthesises findings from preclinical models, clinical studies, and molecular investigations of curcumin in CVD, alongside traditional perspectives from TCM for integrative context.

Results

: Experimental studies reveal that curcumin reduces oxidative stress, downregulates NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhances nitric oxide bioavailability, and inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation. In animal models, it decreases myocardial infarct size, attenuates hypertrophy, and improves ventricular function. Clinical trials report improvements in blood pressure, endothelial function, lipid regulation, and inflammatory biomarkers among individuals at cardiovascular risk. However, outcomes remain inconsistent due to variability in study design, small sample sizes, heterogeneous formulations, and limited duration of follow-up. TCM perspectives on promoting blood flow and reducing stasis align with curcumin’s observed effects on vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.

Discussion

: Curcumin is a safe, pleiotropic compound with growing evidence for adjunctive use in CVD management. Its poor oral bioavailability remains a key limitation, highlighting the need for novel formulations. Well-designed, larger clinical trials are essential to establish efficacy and bridge traditional knowledge with modern cardiovascular therapeutics.