{"title":"Advances in the Use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Colorectal Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Jianing Li, Tong Fu, Zhu Wen, Jiahao Liang, Yanzhi Qiu, Kaiqing Li, Jiamin Yang, Ying Tong, Hongbo Cai","doi":"10.2147/OTT.S551204","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed CRC immunotherapy. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of registered clinical trials on ICIs in CRC worldwide, with a focus on major molecular targets, combination therapy strategies, geographic distribution patterns, and future directions for precision immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All clinical trials related to ICIs in CRC were retrieved. Trials were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and core information such as trial phase, conducting country, mechanism targets, and combination therapy, was systematically organized for retrospective and trend analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,479 eligible clinical trials were included. There has been a steady increase in the number of registered trials, with Phase II trials being the most numerous. The United States and China lead globally in the number of trials reported. Key research targets included PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and molecules related to the tumor microenvironment. Combination therapies involving ICIs, anti-angiogenic agents, and targeted drugs across multiple pathways emerged as a new research focus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ICIs have driven the development of precision immunotherapy for CRC, and multi-target combination therapies hold promise for improving outcomes. However, clinical translation and efficacy improvements remain challenging. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms involved and accumulating clinical data to guide more effective immunotherapy strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19534,"journal":{"name":"OncoTargets and therapy","volume":"18 ","pages":"1159-1168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12537809/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"OncoTargets and therapy","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S551204","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has changed CRC immunotherapy. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of registered clinical trials on ICIs in CRC worldwide, with a focus on major molecular targets, combination therapy strategies, geographic distribution patterns, and future directions for precision immunotherapy.
Methods: All clinical trials related to ICIs in CRC were retrieved. Trials were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and core information such as trial phase, conducting country, mechanism targets, and combination therapy, was systematically organized for retrospective and trend analyses.
Results: A total of 1,479 eligible clinical trials were included. There has been a steady increase in the number of registered trials, with Phase II trials being the most numerous. The United States and China lead globally in the number of trials reported. Key research targets included PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and molecules related to the tumor microenvironment. Combination therapies involving ICIs, anti-angiogenic agents, and targeted drugs across multiple pathways emerged as a new research focus.
Conclusion: ICIs have driven the development of precision immunotherapy for CRC, and multi-target combination therapies hold promise for improving outcomes. However, clinical translation and efficacy improvements remain challenging. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms involved and accumulating clinical data to guide more effective immunotherapy strategies.
期刊介绍：
OncoTargets and Therapy is an international, peer-reviewed journal focusing on molecular aspects of cancer research, that is, the molecular diagnosis of and targeted molecular or precision therapy for all types of cancer.
The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of high-quality original research, basic science, reviews and evaluations, expert opinion and commentary that shed novel insight on a cancer or cancer subtype.
Specific topics covered by the journal include:
-Novel therapeutic targets and innovative agents
-Novel therapeutic regimens for improved benefit and/or decreased side effects
-Early stage clinical trials
Further considerations when submitting to OncoTargets and Therapy:
-Studies containing in vivo animal model data will be considered favorably.
-Tissue microarray analyses will not be considered except in cases where they are supported by comprehensive biological studies involving multiple cell lines.
-Biomarker association studies will be considered only when validated by comprehensive in vitro data and analysis of human tissue samples.
-Studies utilizing publicly available data (e.g. GWAS/TCGA/GEO etc.) should add to the body of knowledge about a specific disease or relevant phenotype and must be validated using the authors’ own data through replication in an independent sample set and functional follow-up.
-Bioinformatics studies must be validated using the authors’ own data through replication in an independent sample set and functional follow-up.
-Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) studies will not be considered.
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