Advanced Nanoparticle-Enabled Risperidone Delivery for Improved Therapeutic Outcomes of Schizophrenia Management: A Review.

Abstract

ObjectiveThis review aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Risperidone (RSP)-loaded nanoparticles as an innovative drug delivery approach for effective schizophrenia (SZ) management and improved patient outcomes.SignificanceSchizophrenia is a long-standing mental disorder involving disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior, frequently necessitating extended pharmacologic therapy. While RSP, a second-generation antipsychotic, is efficacious against both positive and negative symptoms, its therapeutic use is impaired by limited water solubility, low oral bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, and dose-dependent side effects. Overcoming these limitations may substantially benefit patient outcomes. Recent advances in nanotechnology have allowed the development of several RSP-loaded nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers.Key findingsThis review evaluates these systems according to drug loading efficiency, release kinetics, brain-targeting capacity, and drug administration routes, according to preclinical data. RSP nanoparticles exhibited improved solubility, sustained release, enhanced brain targeting, and decreased systemic toxicity. Intranasal and parenteral routes are additional advantages in enhancing bioavailability and compliance in non-compliant patients. Such formulations provide improved pharmacokinetic profiles and reduce extrapyramidal symptoms.ConclusionRSP-loaded nanoparticles are a valuable innovation in SZ therapy through enhancing efficacy, minimizing side effects, and improving patient compliance. More clinical studies are warranted to determine their safety, long-term efficacy, and commercial viability for translation into the clinic.