Deep learning based CT images for lung function prediction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization predicts that by 2030, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of death and the seventh leading cause of morbidity worldwide. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) are the gold standard for COPD diagnosis. Since COPD is an incurable disease that takes a considerable amount of time to diagnose, even by an experienced specialist, it becomes important to provide an analysis of abnormalities in a simple manner. Although many deep learning (DL) methods based on computed tomography (CT) have been developed to identify COPD, the pathological changes of COPD based on CT are multi-dimensional and highly spatially heterogeneous, and their predictive performance still needs to be improved.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a DL-based multimodal feature fusion model to accurately estimate PFT parameters from chest CT images and verify its performance.

Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, participants underwent chest CT examination and PFT at the Fourth Clinical Medical College of Xinjiang Medical University between January 2018 and July 2024. In this study, the 1-s forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), 1-s forced expiratory volume ratio forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), 1-s forced expiratory volume to predicted value (FEV1%), and forced vital capacity to predicted value (FVC%) of PFT parameters were used as predictors and the corresponding chest CT of 3108 participants. The data were randomly assigned to the training group and the validation group at a ratio of 9:1, and the model was cross-validated using 10-fold cross-validation. Each parameter was trained and evaluated separately on the DL network. The mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used as evaluation indices, and the consistency between the predicted and actual values was analyzed using the Bland-Altman plot. The interpretability of the model's prediction process was analyzed using the Grad-CAM visualization technique.

Results: A total of 2408 subjects were included (average age 66 ± 12 years; 1479 males). Among these, 822 cases were used for encoder training to extract image features, and 1,586 cases were used for the development and validation of a multimodal feature fusion model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The MAE, MSE, and r predicted between PFT and model estimates for FEV1 were 0.34, 0.20, and 0.84, respectively. For FVC, the MAE, MSE, and r were 0.42, 0.31, and 0.81, respectively. For FEV1/FVC, the MAE, MSE, and r were 6.64, 0.73, and 0.77, respectively. For FEV1%, the MAE, MSE, and r were 13.42, 3.01, and 0.73, respectively. For FVC%, the MAE, MSE, and r were 13.33, 2.97, and 0.61, respectively. It was observed that there was a strong correlation between the measured and predicted indices of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and FEV1%. The Bland-Altman plot analysis showed good consistency between the estimated values and the measured values of all PFT parameters.

Conclusions: The preliminary research results indicate that the MLP-based multimodal feature fusion model has the potential to predict PFT parameters in COPD patients in real time. However, it is worth noting that the study used indicators before the use of bronchodilators, which may affect the interpretation of the results. Future studies should use measurements taken after bronchodilator administration to better align with clinical standards.