Therapeutic potential of bamboo: Exploring ethnomedicinal traditions, phytochemical composition and immunomodulatory effects with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and prebiotic properties

Abstract

Plant-based traditional medicines, valued for their diverse biological activities, minimal toxicity, and rich source of immunomodulatory compounds, hold significant cultural and medicinal importance. Within this context, bamboo occupies a prominent position in Asian cultures, both economically and medicinally, having been historically employed to address a range of health issues and demonstrating therapeutic potential against numerous ailments. We undertook a comprehensive analysis of bamboo’s immunomodulatory effects that highlighted significant bioactive components in leaves, shoots, shavings, culms and hemicellulose extracts. These elements enhance immune responses by regulating cytokine levels and cellular defense mechanisms. Notably, bamboo extracts increase TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, and IL-12 levels, showcasing potential applications in immunotherapy and preventive medicine. Beyond immune modulation, bamboo demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in managing conditions such as skin disorders, obesity, and autoimmune diseases. Additionally, bamboo extracts-especially from shoots, leaves, and polysaccharides-exhibit prebiotic activity. They promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, including Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, thereby improving gut health and influencing immune function. The therapeutic benefits of bamboo are due to its diverse phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides, polyphenols (orientin, vitexin, ferulic acid) and phytosterols (stigmasterol, β- sitosterol). These compounds activate host defense mechanisms, regulate immune cells, suppress inflammatory pathways, and influence gene expression suggesting their significant potential in pharmacognosy, particularly for synthesizing nanoparticles in drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Bamboo stands out as a sustainable and versatile natural resource with significant potential in modern medicine. Its multifaceted biological properties offer pathways for developing natural therapeutic products, strengthening its role in advancing healthcare.