Andrographis paniculata in fatty liver disease: Mechanisms, nanocarrier approaches, and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), commonly known for its potent hepatoprotective properties, has been extensively studied for the treatment of liver disorders, including fatty liver disease (FLD). The key bioactive compound, andrographolide (AP), exerts multiple therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic actions, making it a promising natural remedy for preventing and managing FLD. However, the clinical application of Kalmegh is limited due to the poor bioavailability of AP in conventional dosage forms, which leads to suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. To address this challenge, nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems have surfaced as a promising strategy to boost the bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness of Kalmegh's active compounds. Nanocarrier platforms such as lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs), polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and exosome-based delivery systems offer targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved liver-specific targeting of AP, addressing the limitations of conventional formulations. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other academic databases to explore the pharmacological properties of Kalmegh and its potential activity in fatty liver disease. Various studies were reviewed, focusing on the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of Kalmegh, along with its bioactive compounds such as andrographolide. Research findings suggest that Kalmegh may help in reducing liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation, making it a promising candidate for fatty liver disease management. This review explores the therapeutic potential of Kalmegh in FLD, discusses its mechanisms of action, and highlights the advancements in nanotechnology-based formulations that enhance the delivery and efficacy of AP.