Fucoidan based hydrogel biomaterials for tissue engineering.

Abstract

Biopolymer-based biomaterials have gained significant attention in tissue engineering for their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. Among these, biomaterials that naturally reduce inflammation, modulate immune responses, and restore redox balance offer substantial benefits when used in combination with cells or growth factor-based therapies. Fucoidan is an FDA-approved sulfated polysaccharide, which exhibits excellent biocompatibility and has been widely studied for applications in immunomodulation, wound healing, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. Despite its broad potential, comprehensive review articles that summarize recent advances, critically evaluate existing literature, and identify future research opportunities remain limited. In this review, we provide an overview of the structure of fucoidan and discuss mechanisms of its bioactivity. We highlight recent advances in the design of fucoidan-containing hydrogels, focusing on their applications in tissue regeneration. Through case studies in wound healing and neural tissue repair, we illustrate how fucoidan contributes to key regenerative processes, including immune modulation, oxidative stress reduction, and enhanced therapeutic drug delivery. Additionally, we examine the major challenges that hinder the progress and clinical translation of fucoidan-based hydrogels such as variability in chemical composition, the influence of molecular weight and sulfation level on bioactivity, and limitations in crosslinking to form fucoidan hydrogels. Overall, this review aims to highlight the underappreciated potential of fucoidan as a versatile immunomodulatory biomaterial for hydrogel development in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.