The development of Forensic Science in the criminal justice system of England and Wales (2000–2024): A systematic review

Abstract

Forensic Science in England and Wales has undergone substantial transformation since 2000, shaped by many factors including privatisation, regulatory change, and evolving expectations within the criminal justice system. These shifts have impacted the delivery, governance, and identity of the discipline, raising critical questions about its effectiveness, sustainability, and value. This systematic review identifies and evaluates how organisational reforms, policy shifts, and scientific advancements have influenced Forensic Science practice and discourse by identifying key themes in the published literature which affect both the operational integrity and strategic development of Forensic Science.

Reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken on 203 articles published (2000–2024). Thematic coding and cross-phase mapping enabled structured synthesis of key developments in Forensic Science. Ten interrelated themes were identified in the literature, with Quality, Communication & Knowledge Sharing, and Research emerging as the most prominent. Three phases of the development of Forensic Science were identified: Early Challenges (2000–2010), System Change (2011–2015), and Modern Dynamics (2016–2024). It was observed that the challenges of fragmentation, leadership and accountability and inconsistent funding remained persistent themes across the literature reviewed between 2000 and 2024.

A key insight was the demonstration of the dynamic nature of Forensic Science and its development. Agility and adaptability will be key in ensuring that Forensic Science anticipates and tackles current and future challenges. Forensic Science embodies multiple perspectives which need to be accommodated as a full continuum in the broader forensic science ecosystem to build connections across diverse perspectives and promote holistic advancement of Forensic Science.