Trihalomethane Levels in Swimming Pool Waters and Removal of Trihalomethanes Using Modified Membrane Systems

IF 3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI:10.1007/s11270-025-08661-0

Fatih Durmaz, Yasin Andırıcı

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Abstract

Swimming pool waters may contain carcinogenic disinfection by-products formed by the reaction of chlorine and its compounds—added for disinfection purposes—with organic substances either present in the source water or introduced through swimming activities. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are among the most common of these by-products. In this study, the levels of THMs in the water of an indoor swimming pool located in the Selçuklu district of Konya were investigated, along with the efficiency of removing these compounds using modified ultrafiltration systems. For this purpose, water samples ranging from 80 to 100 L were collected weekly for 8 weeks following the morning swimming sessions. The samples were analyzed for free chlorine, combined chlorine, pH, THMs, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC). The water was then filtered through a pilot-scale ultrafiltration system with a pre-treatment unit consisting of mixed-bed activated carbon and zeolite. Post-filtration, THM and TOC analyses were performed and the results were compared to those of unfiltered pool water. Additionally, samples were taken from the municipal tap water supplying the pool, and analyzed for free chlorine, combined chlorine, pH, THMs, TOC, and TIC. The study found that the modified ultrafiltration system achieved a 93% removal rate of THMs, with an average initial concentration of 257 μg/L in the pool water. Since the TOC level was measured below the device's detection limit of 2.26 mg/L after treatment, a removal percentage could not be stated. Furthermore, a significant correlation was identified between THM formation and both pH level and combined chlorine concentration of the water.

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游泳池水中三卤甲烷含量及改良膜系统去除三卤甲烷

泳池水可能含有致癌消毒副产物，这些产物是氯及其化合物（为消毒目的而添加）与源水中存在的或通过游泳活动引入的有机物质发生反应而形成的。三卤甲烷（THMs）是这些副产品中最常见的。在这项研究中，研究了位于科尼亚seluklu地区的一个室内游泳池水中THMs的水平，以及使用改进的超滤系统去除这些化合物的效率。为此，在早上游泳后的8周内，每周收集80至100升的水样。分析样品的游离氯、结合氯、pH、THMs、总有机碳（TOC）和总无机碳（TIC）。然后通过中试规模的超滤系统过滤水，该系统的预处理单元由混合床活性炭和沸石组成。对过滤后的池水进行THM和TOC分析，并与未经过滤的池水进行比较。此外，从游泳池的市政自来水中采集样本，分析游离氯、组合氯、pH、THMs、TOC和TIC。研究发现，改性超滤系统对池水中THMs的去除率达到93%，平均初始浓度为257 μg/L。由于处理后TOC水平低于该装置的检测限2.26 mg/L，因此无法说明去除百分比。此外，THM的形成与水体的pH值和氯离子浓度之间存在显著的相关性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.