Vaccinations in preterm infants: Which and when?

IF 2.9 3区医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-25 DOI:10.1016/j.siny.2025.101670

Charline Schmitt , Sybelle Goedicke-Fritz , Ingmar Fortmann , Michael Zemlin

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Abstract

Preterm infants, who represent around 10 % of births worldwide, are at markedly increased risk of infections due to their immunological immaturity and reduced maternal antibody transfer. Although international guidelines recommend immunization based on chronological age, vaccination in this population is frequently delayed or incomplete. This review summarizes the current evidence on vaccine safety, efficacy, and timing in preterm infants, with particular emphasis on primary immunizations and vaccines administered during the first year of life. Distinct immunological characteristics—including impaired T- and B-cell responses as well as altered microbiome development—contribute to reduced vaccine responsiveness. Emerging approaches such as mRNA vaccine technologies, novel adjuvants, maternal immunization, and microbiome modulation hold promise for enhancing vaccine efficacy. Ensuring timely immunization and adherence to vaccination recommendations in preterm infants is essential to reduce preventable morbidity and mortality in this highly vulnerable group.

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早产儿接种疫苗：什么时候接种？

早产儿约占全世界新生儿的10%，由于其免疫不成熟和母体抗体转移减少，其感染风险明显增加。尽管国际指南建议根据实足年龄进行免疫接种，但这一人群的疫苗接种经常被推迟或不完全。这篇综述总结了目前关于早产儿疫苗安全性、有效性和接种时间的证据，特别强调了初级免疫和在出生后第一年接种疫苗。不同的免疫学特征——包括T细胞和b细胞反应受损以及微生物群发育改变——导致疫苗反应性降低。诸如mRNA疫苗技术、新型佐剂、母体免疫和微生物组调节等新兴方法有望提高疫苗效力。确保早产儿及时免疫和遵守疫苗接种建议对于降低这一高度脆弱群体的可预防发病率和死亡率至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 医学-小儿科

CiteScore

6.40

自引率

3.30%

发文量

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine (formerly Seminars in Neonatology) is a bi-monthly journal which publishes topic-based issues, including current ''Hot Topics'' on the latest advances in fetal and neonatal medicine. The Journal is of interest to obstetricians and maternal-fetal medicine specialists. The Journal commissions review-based content covering current clinical opinion on the care and treatment of the pregnant patient and the neonate and draws on the necessary specialist knowledge, including that of the pediatric pulmonologist, the pediatric infectious disease specialist, the surgeon, as well as the general pediatrician and obstetrician. Each topic-based issue is edited by an authority in their field and contains 8-10 articles. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine provides: • Coverage of major developments in neonatal care; • Value to practising neonatologists, consultant and trainee pediatricians, obstetricians, midwives and fetal medicine specialists wishing to extend their knowledge in this field; • Up-to-date information in an attractive and relevant format.