Impact of sample handling protocols on soft tissue attenuation coefficient and morphology.

Abstract

Significance: The use of tissue attenuation coefficients as biomarkers for disease detection is rising. However, especially for ex vivo studies, sample handling methods can notably impact tissue optical attenuation properties, and these effects have yet to be studied in detail.

Aim: We aim to compare and evaluate common methods for sample handling and assess their impact on the optical attenuation and structural properties of ex vivo colon tissue.

Approach: Six different handling methods were tested: Direct freezing at $-80°C$ , slow freezing in a cryobox with and without cryopreservation media, snap freezing in isopentane, formalin fixation, and fresh tissue stored directly in phosphate-buffered saline. All samples were imaged using optical coherence tomography; images were assessed qualitatively for morphological changes and quantitatively by extracting the tissue attenuation coefficient using the Lambert-Beer law. All handling methods were compared with representative histology (hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining).

Results: All sample handling methods showed a significant difference in tissue attenuation and morphology relative to the fresh tissue ( $p\ll 0.0001$ ), with frozen samples generally showing a lower attenuation coefficient, e.g., directly frozen ( $2.0\pm 1.0{\mathrm{mm}}^{-1}$ ) compared with formalin-fixed ( $2.5\pm 1.3{\mathrm{mm}}^{-1}$ ) and fresh tissue ( $2.5\pm 1.0{\mathrm{mm}}^{-1}$ ). Formalin-fixed and snap frozen samples had the smallest effect size ( $\delta =0.002$ and $-0.09$ , respectively). Macroscopic structural changes were also observed, including alterations to the epithelial layer and indications of goblet cell degradation for all methods but formalin fixation.

Conclusions: Understanding the impact of sample handling methods is critical to the accurate interpretation of morphology-based analysis. In the case of fresh tissue being unavailable, formalin-fixed and snap frozen tissue samples yield the best alternative with negligible effect sizes for colon tissue.