Genotype-Dependent Variation in Fatty Acids and Lipophilic Bioactive Compounds in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds: Insights Into Adaptive Potential Under Central European Conditions

Abstract

This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the lipophilic compounds—including fatty acids (FAs), phytosterols (PSs), tocols (TCs), carotenoids (CAs), and squalene (SQ)—in quinoa seeds from 25 genotypes originating from South America, North America, and Europe, acclimatized to Polish growing conditions. Additionally, the contents of these compounds were correlated with seed physical properties and the antioxidant capacity (AC) of the lipophilic fraction. Total lipid content ranged from 5.24% to 7.11%, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) accounting for 48.41%–51.76% of total FAs. Furthermore, quinoa seeds contained 66.44–117.45 mg SQ, 55.77–88.54 mg PSs, 9.68–13.65 mg TCs, and up to 1.14 mg CAs per 100 g of seed dry matter (d.m.). AC ranged from 25.13 to 42.57 m trolox equivalents (TEs)/100 g seed d.m. European genotypes exhibited smaller seeds with lower lipid content, yet had higher levels of PUFAs, SQ, and TCs. In contrast, North American genotypes showed the greatest variability in lipophilic compound composition.

Practical applications: Detailed profiling of lipophilic compounds in quinoa seeds provides valuable insights for both the food and health industries. The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, tocols, carotenoids, and squalene reinforce quinoa's potential as a functional food ingredient with substantial health benefits, including cardiovascular protection and antioxidant activity. The results can support the selection of genotypes in breeding programs aimed at improving lipid profiles and guide food manufacturers in identifying optimal sources for oil extraction and product enrichment. The observed variation in lipid composition across quinoa genotypes enables targeted use in health-oriented products such as nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and functional foods. Moreover, regional differences in lipophilic compound profiles allow for the strategic adaptation of quinoa varieties to specific dietary and industrial applications, facilitating tailored nutrition for diverse consumer groups.