Bimetallic Pd@CeO₂-decorated 2D-g-C₃N₄/calcium alginate conductive hydrogel: A multifunctional hybrid material for wearable electrochemical sensing of serotonin

IF 21.8 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI:10.1007/s42114-025-01459-y

Rajesh Madhuvilakku, Ok Chan Jeong, Yonggeun Hong

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Developing multifunctional hybrid materials with enhanced electrochemical and mechanical properties is critical for next-generation wearable biosensing technologies. Here, we report the fabrication of a hierarchically engineered hybrid nanocomposite composed of palladium-doped cerium oxide (Pd@CeO₂) nanoparticles uniformly anchored onto two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets. This hybrid nanostructure was embedded within a calcium alginate (CA)-based conductive hydrogel matrix to construct a flexible, skin-compatible composite electrode platform. The synergistic interactions between Pd@CeO₂ and the π-conjugated g-C₃N₄ framework afford superior electrocatalytic activity, improved charge transport, and enhanced surface area. Integration of CA hydrogels not only imparts mechanical flexibility but also introduces a hydration layer that mitigates biofouling, making the composite highly suitable for bioelectronic interfaces. As a proof of concept, the hybrid platform demonstrated high-performance electrochemical detection of serotonin (5-HT), achieving a detection limit (LOD) of 0.64 nM in phosphate buffer and 1.7 nM in human serum, along with broad linear ranges and high sensitivity. The sensing mechanism is driven by electrostatic and π–π interactions between the indole moiety of 5-HT and the tri-s-triazine (C₆N₇) units of g-C₃N₄, enabling selective adsorption and detection. Furthermore, the platform demonstrated reliable real-time monitoring in complex biological matrices, including artificial sweat and differentiated neuronal cell cultures. Importantly, the integrated wearable sensors were enabled in both ex situ skin-mimicking models and in situ on-body human volunteers. This work presents a versatile hybrid composite framework for wearable bioelectronic applications, bridging advanced material design with practical biomedical utility.

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双金属Pd@CeO₂修饰2D-g-C₃N₄/海藻酸钙导电水凝胶：用于可穿戴电化学传感血清素的多功能杂化材料

开发具有增强电化学和机械性能的多功能杂化材料是下一代可穿戴生物传感技术的关键。在这里，我们报道了一种分层工程的杂化纳米复合材料的制备，该复合材料由钯掺杂的氧化铈（Pd@CeO₂）纳米颗粒均匀地固定在二维石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）纳米片上。这种混合纳米结构被嵌入到海藻酸钙（CA）基导电水凝胶基质中，以构建一个柔性的、皮肤兼容的复合电极平台。Pd@CeO₂与π共轭g-C₃N₄框架之间的协同作用具有优异的电催化活性，改善了电荷输运，提高了比表面积。CA水凝胶的集成不仅赋予了机械灵活性，而且还引入了水化层，减轻了生物污垢，使复合材料非常适合生物电子界面。作为概念验证，该混合平台展示了对5-羟色胺（5-HT）的高效电化学检测，在磷酸盐缓冲液中达到0.64 nM的检测限（LOD），在人血清中达到1.7 nM，具有宽的线性范围和高灵敏度。传感机制由5-HT的吲哚部分与g-C₃N₄的三-s-三嗪（C₆N₇）单元之间的静电和π -π相互作用驱动，实现选择性吸附和检测。此外，该平台在复杂的生物基质中表现出可靠的实时监测，包括人工汗液和分化的神经细胞培养物。重要的是，集成的可穿戴传感器可用于非原位皮肤模拟模型和原位人体志愿者。这项工作提出了一种用于可穿戴生物电子应用的多功能混合复合材料框架，将先进的材料设计与实际的生物医学用途联系起来。

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来源期刊

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials Multiple-

CiteScore

26.00

自引率

21.40%

发文量

185

期刊介绍： Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials is a leading international journal that promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists working on composites, including nanocomposites. Our aim is to facilitate rapid scientific communication in this field. The journal publishes high-quality research on various aspects of composite materials, including materials design, surface and interface science/engineering, manufacturing, structure control, property design, device fabrication, and other applications. We also welcome simulation and modeling studies that are relevant to composites. Additionally, papers focusing on the relationship between fillers and the matrix are of particular interest. Our scope includes polymer, metal, and ceramic matrices, with a special emphasis on reviews and meta-analyses related to materials selection. We cover a wide range of topics, including transport properties, strategies for controlling interfaces and composition distribution, bottom-up assembly of nanocomposites, highly porous and high-density composites, electronic structure design, materials synergisms, and thermoelectric materials. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials follows a rigorous single-blind peer-review process to ensure the quality and integrity of the published work.