Exploring the perception of breast and gynecological malignancies (cervical and endometrial) among adult females in a rural community of Haryana: A qualitative exploration.

Abstract

Background: Breast and gynecological malignancies are leading contributors to cancer-related morbidity and mortality in India. Limited awareness, cultural beliefs, logistical barriers, and stigma often delay early detection and treatment, especially in rural areas. This study explores perceptions, barriers, and health-seeking behaviors regarding these malignancies among adult females in a rural Haryana community.

Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted in a village in Ballabgarh block in Faridabad district of Haryana. Data were generated through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) using interview guide. Four FGDs were held with adult women, and one FGD with Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), along with four IDIs with healthcare stakeholders. All the FGDs and IDIs were audio recorded and were transcribed verbatim. A thematic analysis was performed after free listing of the transcription was performed.

Results: Key themes included knowledge gaps about symptoms and causes, logistical limitations in accessing treatment, and the influence of social and cultural practices. Misconceptions, such as cancers being caused by contaminated food and water or poor hygiene, were common. Family support was generally strong, but logistical challenges such as transportation, patient load, and financial constraints deterred healthcare access. Limited awareness about screening practices and symptoms of gynecological cancers was evident. Ground-level health workers such as ASHAs played a vital role in promoting awareness and mobilizing patients.

Conclusion: This study highlights the critical need for community-based interventions to address knowledge gaps, destigmatize cancer, and enhance access to screening and treatment. Strengthening health systems, providing adequate resources, and involving healthcare workers can significantly improve outcomes.