Antimetastatic effects of chamuangone-enriched extract in breast cancer lung metastasis: in vitro and in vivo evidence.

Abstract

Breast cancer lung metastasis (BCLM) is the most lethal form of breast cancer (BC). Current treatments are costly and often associated with severe side effects, emphasizing the need for alternative therapies. A chamuangone-enriched extract (CEE), quantitatively standardized by HPLC to contain 73.0 ± 2.0% w/w chamuangone, was developed from the leaves of the Thai vegetable Garcinia cowa and evaluated for its anticancer efficacy. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted using MCF-7 cells in a human breast cancer xenograft model. Histopathological examination of the tumor and lungs, as well as expression of BCLM markers (ER, PR, Ki-67, CD44, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGFA, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin) expression in the tumor and lungs were evaluated through immunohistochemistry. In vitro studies, CEE at a concentration of 10 µg/mL inhibited MCF-7 cell growth and migration, induced apoptosis, and significantly modulated apoptotic and inflammatory markers (p53 and Bcl-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, IL-6, and TNF-α) in MCF-7 cells. In vivo studies, CEE (100 mg/kg bodyweight) significantly inhibited tumor growth and decreased the expressions of BCLM markers in tumor and lung tissues, resulting in the suppression of BC and metastasis. These results support the potential medicinal and protective use of CEE as a functional ingredient for mitigating the devastating effects of BC and BCLM.