Dual‐Atom Nanozymes (DAzymes): from Synthesis to Applications

Abstract

Dual‐atom nanozymes (DAzymes), a novel category of nanozyme characterized by paired metal atoms serving as catalytic centers, have attracted considerable interest. DAzyme pursuit due to the exceptional catalytic performance, improved stability, and adaptable specificity compared with traditional single‐atom (SAzyme) or nanoparticle‐based nanozymes. This review investigates the topical advancements, focusing on synthesis methodologies and diverse applications of DAzymes. A detailed comparative study is first provided on the existing fabrication methods and cutting‐edge characterization techniques, assessing their pros and cons to offer a well‐rounded evaluation. The catalytic mechanisms of DAzymes are subsequently explored, focusing on the synergistic interactions between dual‐metal centers, substrate activation, electronic modulation, and the factors affecting them, all of which can significantly enhance enzyme‐like activity, selectivity, and adaptability in complex environments. Furthermore, the transformative potential applications in the energy‐related processes, environmental remediation, biomedicine, and biosensing are highlighted. In conclusion, the challenges such as scalability, long‐term stability, metal loading capacity, biocompatibility, and issues related to metal leaching are comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, future directions are suggested for rational design, improved characterization, and multifunctional integration. This review aims to spark further innovation in DAzymes, including basic research with practical applications in catalysis and beyond.