Unai Sáez de Ocáriz, Pere Lavega-Burgués, Miguel Pic
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Cheating in traditional sporting games (TSG) presents a significant challenge for values education and harmonious school coexistence. Despite its educational relevance, no validated instruments are currently available to assess students' perceptions of cheating in TSG contexts.
Methods: This study aimed to design and validate the CHEAT-1 questionnaire, designed to assess perceptions of cheating in TSG. The instrument was created through a four-stage process involving item construction based on the internal and external logic of motor games, expert panel reviews (n = 13), and focus groups with students from primary, secondary, and university levels (n = 24). The preliminary version (46 items) was reduced to a final version of 18 items, structured in two dimensions: Internal Logic and External Logic. A sample of 564 students aged 10-30 completed the questionnaire.
Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor structure comprising Internal Logic and External Logic dimensions. The model demonstrated strong fit indices (RMSEA = 0.05; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.97). Internal consistency was high, with Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients both reaching 0.96. Content validity was confirmed, with all items exceeding a CVI of 0.80.
Discussion: The CHEAT-1 instrument demonstrates strong psychometric properties and fills a critical gap in the assessment of ethical behavior in Physical Education settings. Its application can support teachers in detecting students' perceptions of cheating and implementing targeted pedagogical interventions. The tool offers a valuable resource for future research and practice in values-based education across different educational stages.
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Psychology is the largest journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across the psychological sciences, from clinical research to cognitive science, from perception to consciousness, from imaging studies to human factors, and from animal cognition to social psychology. Field Chief Editor Axel Cleeremans at the Free University of Brussels is supported by an outstanding Editorial Board of international researchers. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide. The journal publishes the best research across the entire field of psychology. Today, psychological science is becoming increasingly important at all levels of society, from the treatment of clinical disorders to our basic understanding of how the mind works. It is highly interdisciplinary, borrowing questions from philosophy, methods from neuroscience and insights from clinical practice - all in the goal of furthering our grasp of human nature and society, as well as our ability to develop new intervention methods.
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