[Micronutrients in old age-physiological specificities and nutritional status].

Abstract

Aging is a biological and degenerative process with numerous changes in molecular and cellular mechanisms in various organ systems. These changes result in a progressive loss of anatomical structures and physiological functions. Among others, they occur in the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, muscles, bones, respiratory tract, immune system, endocrine systems, and the brain. The alterations in aging can lead to diseases such as coronary heart disease, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. To delay these age-related alterations and thus prevent diseases, a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet is important. An adequate diet includes the sufficient intake of micronutrients. This article first provides an overview of physiological characteristics of aging and then addresses the supply of micronutrients in old age.In older age, the supply of vitamin D, vitamin B12, magnesium, iron, folate, and calcium may be critical. These micronutrients play a role in the immune system, bone metabolism, cell metabolism, energy production, and many other metabolic processes. Micronutrient deficiencies can enhance the aging process. Healthy older people should use the German Nutrition Society (DGE) reference values to meet their daily micronutrient needs. Older people with illnesses should follow the reference values of the guidelines for their specific illnesses to cover their micronutrient needs.