Amino acid-based flame retardants for textiles: Recent advances in properties and synthesis methods: A review.

IF 8.5 1区化学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148242

Betina Małysa, Katarzyna Zielińska, Tomasz Krawczyk

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Textiles, both natural and synthetic, are essential in clothing and industrial applications but are inherently flammable, requiring effective flame-retardant (FR) treatments. Conventional FRs, particularly halogen- and phosphorus-based systems, raise concerns regarding health and environmental impacts. Amino acids, available from natural sources or industrial byproducts, represent a sustainable alternative due to their renewability, biodegradability, and chemical versatility. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of amino acid-based FRs for textiles, integrating studies published between 2010 and 2025. It examines synthesis strategies such as phosphorylation, Mannich reactions, and polyamidoamine formation; evaluates application methods across substrates including cotton, polyester, and Lyocell; and analyzes fire performance using metrics such as Limiting Oxygen Index, Peak Heat Release Rate, and Total Heat Release. Environmental and economic considerations, mechanisms of action, and durability of treatments are also discussed. By consolidating quantitative performance data and classifying approaches, this work addresses gaps in previous reviews and highlights opportunities for further development of amino acid-based FRs as promising candidates for safer, sustainable protection in textiles used in clothing, automotive, and filtration applications.

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纺织品用氨基酸基阻燃剂：性能和合成方法的最新进展

天然和合成纺织品在服装和工业应用中都是必不可少的，但它们本身就是易燃的，需要有效的阻燃（FR）处理。传统的FRs，特别是基于卤素和磷的系统，引起了对健康和环境影响的关注。氨基酸可从天然来源或工业副产品中获得，由于其可再生性、生物降解性和化学多样性，它代表了一种可持续的替代品。本综述综合了2010年至2025年间发表的研究报告，对纺织品中基于氨基酸的阻燃剂进行了全面评估。它检查合成策略，如磷酸化，曼尼希反应，和聚酰胺胺形成；评估跨基材的应用方法，包括棉，聚酯和莱赛尔；并使用极限氧指数、峰值放热率和总放热率等指标分析火灾性能。还讨论了环境和经济方面的考虑、作用机制和处理的持久性。通过整合定量性能数据和分类方法，本工作解决了先前综述中的空白，并强调了进一步开发氨基酸基fr作为服装、汽车和过滤应用中更安全、可持续保护纺织品的有希望的候选材料的机会。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 生物-生化与分子生物学

CiteScore

13.70

自引率

9.80%

发文量

2728

审稿时长

64 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Biological Macromolecules is a well-established international journal dedicated to research on the chemical and biological aspects of natural macromolecules. Focusing on proteins, macromolecular carbohydrates, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, lignins, biological poly-acids, and nucleic acids, the journal presents the latest findings in molecular structure, properties, biological activities, interactions, modifications, and functional properties. Papers must offer new and novel insights, encompassing related model systems, structural conformational studies, theoretical developments, and analytical techniques. Each paper is required to primarily focus on at least one named biological macromolecule, reflected in the title, abstract, and text.