{"title":"A Quick Reference on Hypercalcemia.","authors":"Valerie J Parker, Dennis J Chew","doi":"10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.09.012","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses hypercalcemia, emphasizing its causes, diagnosis, and management. It highlights that serum calcium levels reflect water and protein-bound calcium, with ionized calcium being the active form. Common causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, and systemic illnesses. Clinical signs often relate to neuromuscular and cardiovascular disturbances, especially at severe levels. Diagnosis involves measuring serum and ionized calcium, assessing underlying conditions, and differentiating between parathyroid-dependent and independent causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the primary cause, dietary modifications, or surgical intervention, with careful monitoring to prevent complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49380,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Veterinary Clinics of North America-Small Animal Practice","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.09.012","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"VETERINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This article discusses hypercalcemia, emphasizing its causes, diagnosis, and management. It highlights that serum calcium levels reflect water and protein-bound calcium, with ionized calcium being the active form. Common causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, kidney disease, vitamin D toxicity, and systemic illnesses. Clinical signs often relate to neuromuscular and cardiovascular disturbances, especially at severe levels. Diagnosis involves measuring serum and ionized calcium, assessing underlying conditions, and differentiating between parathyroid-dependent and independent causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the primary cause, dietary modifications, or surgical intervention, with careful monitoring to prevent complications.
期刊介绍：
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice offers you the most current information on the treatment of small animals such as cats and dogs, updates you on the latest advances, and provides a sound basis for choosing treatment options. Published bi-monthly—in January, March, May, July, September, November—each issue focuses on a single topic in small animal practice, including endocrinology, fluids and electrolytes, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neurology, oncology, urology, respiratory issues , surgical information, small animal behavior, laboratory medicine, imaging methods, and nutrition.
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