The π-Metal-π Motif: A Versatile Design Principle for Rotational Molecular Machines

Abstract

Based on the 18-valence-electron rule, we demonstrate that group 6–8 transition metals (e.g., M = Cr, Mn, Fe) can act as single-atom adhesives to link diverse π-conjugated carbon nanostructures. The resulting π-metal-π (π-M-π) sandwich configurations transform weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions into robust covalent bonds, while uniquely preserving rotational freedom between parallel π planes. This dual feature─strong anchoring with intrinsic rotational freedom─makes the π-M-π motif an ideal structural unit for constructing nanoscale mechanical devices such as rotors, gears, and nanovehicles. Using first-principles calculations, we first establish the correlation between electronic configuration and bonding stability in a series of M(C₆H₆)₂ complexes, validating the adhesive behavior via the 18-electron principle. We then extend this strategy to larger π-systems, including graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes, confirming stable binding and low rotational barriers. Finally, we design and simulate two interesting classes of molecular machines: an electric-field-driven motor that transmits torque to an adjacent gear, and a bevel gear system built on carbon nanotubes that enables out-of-plane rotational coupling. These results establish the π-M-π motif as a chemically realistic and functionally versatile design unit. While this work exemplifies its utility in constructing molecular gear assemblies, the underlying concept of a modular, metal-bridged π–π linkage offers broader implications in nanoscience, supramolecular chemistry, and advanced materials design.