{"title":"Transient Synchronous Stability Evaluation of Heterogeneous Power Grids With Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters by Manifold Theory","authors":"Saizhao Yang, Rui Ma, Yitong Li, Jinyu Wen","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.70141","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The energy function method developed from Lyapunov theory is a typical direct method to evaluate the transient synchronous stability of traditional power grids. Different from grid-forming (GFM) converters mimicking characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs), grid-following (GFL) converters behave like current sources. The integration of multiple GFL converters poses challenges of constructing energy functions for transient synchronous stability assessment, which is analysed in this paper. In addition, the damping terms of GFL converters are highly dependent on phase angles. Due to the indefinite damping terms of GFL converters, assessment results might be optimistic or conservative, if neglecting damping terms to construct energy functions. Thus, based on manifold theory, an alternative without constructing energy functions is proposed for transient synchronous stability assessment of multi-converter-based power grids. Firstly, a hybrid modelling with equivalent voltage and current sources is built to accommodate different network topologies and types of converters. Then, benefiting from the first-order approximation of manifolds and the geometrical analysis of the region of attraction (ROA) boundary, a criterion designed by manifold theory is proposed and employed for transient synchronous stability evaluation. In addition, the transient synchronous stability margin <i>k<sub>rel</sub>ζ</i> is defined to avoid optimistic results. Finally, modified IEEE 4-generator 11-bus and IEEE 10-generator 39-bus systems are built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to validate the effectiveness of the method.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.70141","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IET Renewable Power Generation","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/rpg2.70141","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The energy function method developed from Lyapunov theory is a typical direct method to evaluate the transient synchronous stability of traditional power grids. Different from grid-forming (GFM) converters mimicking characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs), grid-following (GFL) converters behave like current sources. The integration of multiple GFL converters poses challenges of constructing energy functions for transient synchronous stability assessment, which is analysed in this paper. In addition, the damping terms of GFL converters are highly dependent on phase angles. Due to the indefinite damping terms of GFL converters, assessment results might be optimistic or conservative, if neglecting damping terms to construct energy functions. Thus, based on manifold theory, an alternative without constructing energy functions is proposed for transient synchronous stability assessment of multi-converter-based power grids. Firstly, a hybrid modelling with equivalent voltage and current sources is built to accommodate different network topologies and types of converters. Then, benefiting from the first-order approximation of manifolds and the geometrical analysis of the region of attraction (ROA) boundary, a criterion designed by manifold theory is proposed and employed for transient synchronous stability evaluation. In addition, the transient synchronous stability margin krelζ is defined to avoid optimistic results. Finally, modified IEEE 4-generator 11-bus and IEEE 10-generator 39-bus systems are built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform to validate the effectiveness of the method.
期刊介绍：
IET Renewable Power Generation (RPG) brings together the topics of renewable energy technology, power generation and systems integration, with techno-economic issues. All renewable energy generation technologies are within the scope of the journal.
Specific technology areas covered by the journal include:
Wind power technology and systems
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal power generation
Geothermal energy
Fuel cells
Wave power
Marine current energy
Biomass conversion and power generation
What differentiates RPG from technology specific journals is a concern with power generation and how the characteristics of the different renewable sources affect electrical power conversion, including power electronic design, integration in to power systems, and techno-economic issues. Other technologies that have a direct role in sustainable power generation such as fuel cells and energy storage are also covered, as are system control approaches such as demand side management, which facilitate the integration of renewable sources into power systems, both large and small.
The journal provides a forum for the presentation of new research, development and applications of renewable power generation. Demonstrations and experimentally based research are particularly valued, and modelling studies should as far as possible be validated so as to give confidence that the models are representative of real-world behavior. Research that explores issues where the characteristics of the renewable energy source and their control impact on the power conversion is welcome. Papers covering the wider areas of power system control and operation, including scheduling and protection that are central to the challenge of renewable power integration are particularly encouraged.
The journal is technology focused covering design, demonstration, modelling and analysis, but papers covering techno-economic issues are also of interest. Papers presenting new modelling and theory are welcome but this must be relevant to real power systems and power generation. Most papers are expected to include significant novelty of approach or application that has general applicability, and where appropriate include experimental results. Critical reviews of relevant topics are also invited and these would be expected to be comprehensive and fully referenced.
Current Special Issue. Call for papers:
Power Quality and Protection in Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids - https://digital-library.theiet.org/files/IET_RPG_CFP_PQPRESM.pdf
Energy and Rail/Road Transportation Integrated Development - https://digital-library.theiet.org/files/IET_RPG_CFP_ERTID.pdf
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