Beyond necessity: a review of discretionary trips’ impact on well-being

Abstract

This review explores the multifaceted role of discretionary trips, or travel undertaken without obligation, such as leisure, social, or recreational trips, in enhancing objective and subjective well-being. Drawing on 61 interdisciplinary studies published between 2014 and 2024, it highlights eight key themes linking discretionary travel to well-being: social connections and belonging, emotions and experiences, environmental and urban design, trip characteristics and context, physical health, mental health, personal development and achievement, and autonomy and freedom. Findings reveal that discretionary trips contribute to physical and mental health, promote social interaction, foster personal growth, and provide opportunities for self-determination and engagement with nature. These benefits are amplified by supportive urban design, such as walkable neighbourhoods and accessible public transport. Specific populations, including women, older adults, telecommuters, and individuals with disabilities, derive significant well-being benefits from discretionary travel. The review underscores the importance of integrating discretionary travel into transport policies and urban planning to foster sustainable, inclusive, and fulfilling mobility systems. Future research should address equity in access, the influence of emerging technologies, and the long-term effects of discretionary travel on well-being.