Toward sustainable construction 3D printing: limestone and non-calcined recycled marine clay as partial cement replacement

IF 6.5 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI:10.1016/j.clet.2025.101074

Harn Wei Kua, Anqi Shi , Vignesh Kajandran, Charlene, Tiam Weng Mark Lam, Abhimanyu Goel, De Hui Alwin Wong, Peak Kee Lim, Layla Harris Kasee, Xi Wen Ong, Ghasan Fahem Huseien, Alexander Lin

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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of partial substitution of Ordinary Portland Cement with different proportions of non-calcined marine clay and different grades (by particle size) of Ground Limestone to formulate 3D-printable concrete. Non-calcined clay was used because of its lower energy requirement than calcined clay. The rheology of the mixes was evaluated by extrudability, tack, Large Amplitude Oscillatory shear, and Logarithmic Stress Ramp tests. Their mechanical performance was evaluated with respect to compressive, splitting, shear, and three-point bending (flexural) strengths. Results show that adding only about 1 % of oven-dried (low temperature) marine clay and 19 % of limestone improve cohesion and build-up of static yield strength while ensuring extrudability. This study hopes to pave the way for more studies on using non-calcined marine clay as a more sustainable option for construction 3D printing.

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走向可持续建筑3D打印：石灰石和未煅烧的再生海洋粘土作为部分水泥替代品

本研究探讨了用不同比例的未煅烧海洋粘土和不同等级（按粒度）的石灰石部分替代普通硅酸盐水泥来配制3d打印混凝土的效果。由于未煅烧粘土的能量需求比煅烧粘土低，因此采用了未煅烧粘土。通过可挤压性、粘性、大振幅振荡剪切和对数应力斜坡试验来评估混合料的流变学。他们的机械性能评估相对于压缩，劈裂，剪切和三点弯曲（弯曲）强度。结果表明，仅添加约1%的烘干（低温）海相粘土和19%的石灰石，就能在保证可挤压性的同时提高粘聚性和静态屈服强度。这项研究希望为更多使用非煅烧海洋粘土作为建筑3D打印更可持续的选择的研究铺平道路。

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