Optimal and sustainable siting of offshore wind farms in Greece: Environmental considerations, cost analysis, and comparative evaluation of state-proposed development areas

Abstract

This study addresses the critical need for sustainable offshore wind farm (OWF) siting in Greece by developing a comprehensive GIS-based methodology that balances environmental considerations with economic viability. The study identifies optimal OWF locations by applying exclusion criteria (e.g., NATURA2000 Network) and evaluating dynamic, site-specific parameters. A subsequent cost analysis of eligible sites was conducted calculating Life-cycle Cost ($LCS$) and Levelized Cost of Energy ($LCOE$) indices tailored for floating wind turbines; verified as the most suitable technology for Greece’s deep waters. Three scenarios with varying turbine nominal power (42 × 5 MW, 21 × 10 MW, 14 × 15 MW) and fixed total 210 MW capacity were analyzed. Key findings indicate that the Aegean Sea can achieve highly competitive $LCOE$ values as low as €60/MWh. The use of larger turbines reduced the $LCOE$ by approximately 41%. A critical comparative review of the state-proposed development areas revealed significant alignment in 14 out of the 25 plots; however, serious concerns were identified for the others due to conflicts with environmental and socio-cultural criteria. This work provides a novel framework for OWF strategic planning and a critical evaluation of Greece’s national plan, offering policymakers a vital tool to balance energy goals with environmental imperatives and advance the blue economy sustainably.