A gas-phase/condensed-phase synergistic flame retardant strategy towards high-efficiency fire safety of epoxy composites

IF 5.1 3区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Reactive & Functional Polymers Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106510

Hui Ge , Jingjing Gao , Jie Wang , Zongmin Zhu

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Abstract

In this study, phosphorus-containing flame retardant (PDA) was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and protocatechualdehyde through simple chemical reactions, and subsequently employed as additive for the flame-retardant modification of epoxy resin (EP). The experimental results show that when the addition amount of PDA is 5 wt%, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke emission (TSP) of the composite are significantly reduced by 50.9 % and 33.7 % respectively compared with pure EP, and it has successfully passed the UL94 V-0 rating. This excellent flame-retardant performance primarily stems from the synergistic interaction between the DOPO and protocatechualdehyde structural units in the PDA molecular architecture. The mechanism operates through a dual-action approach: radical scavenging to inhibit combustion chain reactions, and catalyzing the formation of a robust char layer that effectively impedes heat and oxygen transfer.

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面向环氧复合材料高效防火安全的气相/凝聚相协同阻燃策略

本研究以9,10-二氢-9-氧-10-磷菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）和原儿茶醛为原料，通过简单的化学反应合成了含磷阻燃剂（PDA），并将其作为环氧树脂（EP）的阻燃改性添加剂。实验结果表明，当PDA的添加量为5 wt%时，复合材料的峰值放热率（pHRR）和总烟排放量（TSP）分别比纯EP降低了50.9%和33.7%，并成功通过了UL94 V-0等级。这种优异的阻燃性能主要源于PDA分子结构中DOPO和原儿茶醛结构单元之间的协同相互作用。该机制通过双重作用方式运作：清除自由基以抑制燃烧链式反应，并催化形成强大的炭层，有效地阻碍热量和氧气的传递。

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来源期刊

Reactive & Functional Polymers 工程技术-高分子科学

CiteScore

8.90

自引率

5.90%

发文量

259

审稿时长

27 days

期刊介绍： Reactive & Functional Polymers provides a forum to disseminate original ideas, concepts and developments in the science and technology of polymers with functional groups, which impart specific chemical reactivity or physical, chemical, structural, biological, and pharmacological functionality. The scope covers organic polymers, acting for instance as reagents, catalysts, templates, ion-exchangers, selective sorbents, chelating or antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, sensors, membranes, and hydrogels. This also includes reactive cross-linkable prepolymers and high-performance thermosetting polymers, natural or degradable polymers, conducting polymers, and porous polymers. Original research articles must contain thorough molecular and material characterization data on synthesis of the above polymers in combination with their applications. Applications include but are not limited to catalysis, water or effluent treatment, separations and recovery, electronics and information storage, energy conversion, encapsulation, or adhesion.