The cost of ancillary services in high PV penetration scenarios: the case of Spain

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101308

J Alonso-Perez, A Arcos-Vargas, JL Martinez-Ramos

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Abstract

Renewables should reach a 42.5 % share of total energy consumption by 2030 to meet the EU agenda, which translates to 75–80 % of the electricity generation mix for intermittent renewable resources (wind, solar…). In this context, running out-of-merit thermal power plants just to provide ancillary services (AS) has undesirable side effects, namely: increased supply cost and CO2 emissions, and reduced renewables share in the mix.

This article proposes a methodology to compare the impact of AS provision in future scenarios with high renewables penetration, mainly photovoltaics (PV), under two different alternatives: 1) AS fully provided by conventional power plants, as is done today; and 2) AS provided by renewable sources, according to marginal market criteria. The future scenarios are built considering the current generation portfolio plus additional wind, PV and battery storage facilities, all of them competing with the marginal thermal technology (combined cycles). The methodology is applied to the Spanish case, keeping in mind the revised National Energy and Climate Plan for 2030. In conclusion, a series of recommendations are made regarding ancillary service provision and storage deployment.

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高光伏渗透率情景下的辅助服务成本：以西班牙为例

到2030年，可再生能源应达到总能源消耗的42.5%，以满足欧盟的议程，这意味着间歇性可再生资源（风能、太阳能……）的发电组合将占75 - 80%。在这种情况下，仅仅为了提供辅助服务（AS）而运行价值不高的热电厂会产生不良的副作用，即：增加供应成本和二氧化碳排放，减少可再生能源在能源组合中的份额。本文提出了一种方法，在两种不同的替代方案下，比较可再生能源（主要是光伏）高渗透率的未来情景下，可再生能源提供的影响：1)像今天一样，由传统发电厂完全提供；2)根据边际市场标准，可再生能源提供的AS。未来的情景是考虑到当前的发电组合加上额外的风能、光伏和电池存储设施，所有这些都与边际热技术（联合循环）竞争。该方法适用于西班牙的情况，同时考虑到修订后的2030年国家能源和气候计划。最后，就辅助服务的提供和存储部署提出了一系列建议。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Energy Conversion and Management-X Multiple-

CiteScore

8.80

自引率

3.20%

发文量

180

审稿时长

58 days

期刊介绍： Energy Conversion and Management: X is the open access extension of the reputable journal Energy Conversion and Management, serving as a platform for interdisciplinary research on a wide array of critical energy subjects. The journal is dedicated to publishing original contributions and in-depth technical review articles that present groundbreaking research on topics spanning energy generation, utilization, conversion, storage, transmission, conservation, management, and sustainability. The scope of Energy Conversion and Management: X encompasses various forms of energy, including mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, electromagnetic, magnetic, and electric energy. It addresses all known energy resources, highlighting both conventional sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power, as well as renewable resources such as solar, biomass, hydro, wind, geothermal, and ocean energy.