Microstructure, mechanical property, and corrosion behavior of hybrid SLM-LMD additively manufactured 17–4pH stainless steel

IF 5.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Materials Characterization Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI:10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115611

Miao Sun , Wenhua Guo , Jianxun Zhang , Bingheng Lu

{"title":"Microstructure, mechanical property, and corrosion behavior of hybrid SLM-LMD additively manufactured 17–4pH stainless steel","authors":"Miao Sun , Wenhua Guo , Jianxun Zhang , Bingheng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115611","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of 17–4pH stainless steel fabricated by hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) processes. This hybrid approach aims to overcome the limitations of single process AM in producing or repairing large parts by combining the high precision and fine microstructure of SLM with the high deposition efficiency of LMD. Samples produced by hybrid AM were compared with those from single SLM or LMD processes through microstructural characterization (SEM, EBSD), mechanical testing (microhardness, tensile), and electrochemical measurements. Key findings include: (1) Hybrid-processed 17–4pH exhibits stable composition without fluctuations at the SLM-LMD interface. The high heat input of LMD in the hybrid process significantly changes the content of γ - austenite in the SLM matrix (e.g., 16.1 % on the SLM side of LMD-SLM, while the content in the single process SLM-HT sample was 2.38 %). (2) Mechanically, SLM heat-treated samples showed peak hardness (340 HV<sub>0.5</sub>), while as-deposited SLM exhibited the lowest (220 HV<sub>0.5</sub>). Hybrid samples displayed hardness variations <50 HV<sub>0.5</sub> across regions and an ∼800 μm wide heat-affected zone. Tensile tests revealed anisotropy: In the XOY plane, LMD-SLM achieved 1030 MPa (UTS) / 26.41 % (elongation) vs. SLM-LMD's 966 MPa / 27.16 %; in the YOZ plane, both hybrid samples exceeded 1000 MPa UTS and 60 % elongation without interface fracture. (3) Regarding corrosion resistance, as-deposited SLM samples performed best, followed by as-deposited LMD. The corrosion resistance of SLM samples significantly decreases after heat treatment. SLM-LMD hybrid sample exhibited corrosion resistance comparable to the SLM heat-treated one. These results confirm the feasibility of the SLM-LMD hybrid process for high-performance repair/remaufacturing of 17–4pH components, providing valuable insights into the microstructure-property relationships critical for aerospace and energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18727,"journal":{"name":"Materials Characterization","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 115611"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Materials Characterization","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044580325009003","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of 17–4pH stainless steel fabricated by hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) processes. This hybrid approach aims to overcome the limitations of single process AM in producing or repairing large parts by combining the high precision and fine microstructure of SLM with the high deposition efficiency of LMD. Samples produced by hybrid AM were compared with those from single SLM or LMD processes through microstructural characterization (SEM, EBSD), mechanical testing (microhardness, tensile), and electrochemical measurements. Key findings include: (1) Hybrid-processed 17–4pH exhibits stable composition without fluctuations at the SLM-LMD interface. The high heat input of LMD in the hybrid process significantly changes the content of γ - austenite in the SLM matrix (e.g., 16.1 % on the SLM side of LMD-SLM, while the content in the single process SLM-HT sample was 2.38 %). (2) Mechanically, SLM heat-treated samples showed peak hardness (340 HV_0.5), while as-deposited SLM exhibited the lowest (220 HV_0.5). Hybrid samples displayed hardness variations <50 HV_0.5 across regions and an ∼800 μm wide heat-affected zone. Tensile tests revealed anisotropy: In the XOY plane, LMD-SLM achieved 1030 MPa (UTS) / 26.41 % (elongation) vs. SLM-LMD's 966 MPa / 27.16 %; in the YOZ plane, both hybrid samples exceeded 1000 MPa UTS and 60 % elongation without interface fracture. (3) Regarding corrosion resistance, as-deposited SLM samples performed best, followed by as-deposited LMD. The corrosion resistance of SLM samples significantly decreases after heat treatment. SLM-LMD hybrid sample exhibited corrosion resistance comparable to the SLM heat-treated one. These results confirm the feasibility of the SLM-LMD hybrid process for high-performance repair/remaufacturing of 17–4pH components, providing valuable insights into the microstructure-property relationships critical for aerospace and energy applications.

查看原文本刊更多论文

混合SLM-LMD增材制造17-4pH不锈钢的显微组织、力学性能和腐蚀行为

本研究系统地研究了混合增材制造（AM）工艺制备的17-4pH不锈钢的微观结构、力学性能和耐腐蚀性。这种混合方法旨在通过将SLM的高精度和精细微观结构与LMD的高沉积效率相结合，克服单工艺AM在生产或修复大型零件方面的局限性。通过微观结构表征（SEM， EBSD），力学测试（显微硬度，拉伸）和电化学测量，将混合AM生产的样品与单一SLM或LMD生产的样品进行比较。主要发现包括：(1)混合处理的17-4pH具有稳定的组成，在SLM-LMD界面上没有波动。混合过程中LMD的高热量输入显著改变了SLM基体中γ -奥氏体的含量（例如，LMD-SLM的SLM侧含量为16.1%，而单工艺SLM- ht样品中的含量为2.38%）。(2)热处理后的SLM硬度峰值为340 HV0.5，而沉积态的SLM硬度最低，为220 HV0.5。混合样品显示硬度变化<；50 HV0.5的区域和~ 800 μm宽的热影响区。拉伸试验显示出各向异性：在XOY平面，LMD-SLM达到1030 MPa (UTS) / 26.41%（伸长率），而SLM-LMD为966 MPa / 27.16%；在yz面，两种杂化试样的拉伸强度均超过1000 MPa，伸长率均超过60%，无界面断裂。(3)在耐蚀性方面，沉积态SLM样品表现最好，其次是沉积态LMD。经过热处理后，SLM样品的耐蚀性明显降低。SLM- lmd混合样品的耐腐蚀性与热处理后的SLM样品相当。这些结果证实了SLM-LMD混合工艺用于17-4pH组件的高性能修复/再制造的可行性，为航空航天和能源应用中至关重要的微结构-性能关系提供了有价值的见解。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Materials Characterization 工程技术-材料科学：表征与测试

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

8.50%

发文量

746

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： Materials Characterization features original articles and state-of-the-art reviews on theoretical and practical aspects of the structure and behaviour of materials. The Journal focuses on all characterization techniques, including all forms of microscopy (light, electron, acoustic, etc.,) and analysis (especially microanalysis and surface analytical techniques). Developments in both this wide range of techniques and their application to the quantification of the microstructure of materials are essential facets of the Journal. The Journal provides the Materials Scientist/Engineer with up-to-date information on many types of materials with an underlying theme of explaining the behavior of materials using novel approaches. Materials covered by the journal include: Metals & Alloys Ceramics Nanomaterials Biomedical materials Optical materials Composites Natural Materials.