Heavy metal encapsulation and performance assessment of novel binary blended geopolymer concrete incorporating blast furnace slag sand for safe and sustainable construction practices

IF 8 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Construction and Building Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-07 DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143865

Siba Sankar Chanda, Shyamal Guchhait, Suman Roy

{"title":"Heavy metal encapsulation and performance assessment of novel binary blended geopolymer concrete incorporating blast furnace slag sand for safe and sustainable construction practices","authors":"Siba Sankar Chanda, Shyamal Guchhait, Suman Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.143865","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of industrial waste in construction materials leads to the release of harmful heavy metals, posing risks to health and the environment. This study aims to create a safe and eco-friendly binary blended geopolymer concrete (GPC) by using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders, along with replacing natural fine aggregates (NFA) with blast furnace slag sand (BFS). A 50:50 ratio of FA to GGBS was used in all mixes, with BFS replacing NFA at levels from 0 % to 100 %. Among all mixes, the 50 % BFS mix (G50S50) showed the best performance. It reduced the leaching of arsenic, chromium, and selenium by over 90 %, keeping all values below the limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This mix achieved the highest compressive strength of 46.26 MPa, which is better than traditional concrete. It showed excellent durability with low water absorption (3.59 %), lesser voids (3.29 %), and high density (2489 kg/m³). To ensure statistical reliability, Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Anderson-Darling normality tests were conducted, supported by sensitivity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), which confirmed robust correlations between leaching, durability, and strength. Microstructural analyses using FESEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, water contact angle, and surface roughness revealed refined pore structure and effective immobilization of heavy metals. Collectively, the findings provide the first comprehensive evaluation of FA–GGBS binary blended GPC with BFS sand, demonstrating its potential as a safe, durable, and environmentally sustainable construction material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":288,"journal":{"name":"Construction and Building Materials","volume":"497 ","pages":"Article 143865"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Construction and Building Materials","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061825040164","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The use of industrial waste in construction materials leads to the release of harmful heavy metals, posing risks to health and the environment. This study aims to create a safe and eco-friendly binary blended geopolymer concrete (GPC) by using fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders, along with replacing natural fine aggregates (NFA) with blast furnace slag sand (BFS). A 50:50 ratio of FA to GGBS was used in all mixes, with BFS replacing NFA at levels from 0 % to 100 %. Among all mixes, the 50 % BFS mix (G50S50) showed the best performance. It reduced the leaching of arsenic, chromium, and selenium by over 90 %, keeping all values below the limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This mix achieved the highest compressive strength of 46.26 MPa, which is better than traditional concrete. It showed excellent durability with low water absorption (3.59 %), lesser voids (3.29 %), and high density (2489 kg/m³). To ensure statistical reliability, Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Anderson-Darling normality tests were conducted, supported by sensitivity analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), which confirmed robust correlations between leaching, durability, and strength. Microstructural analyses using FESEM, EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, water contact angle, and surface roughness revealed refined pore structure and effective immobilization of heavy metals. Collectively, the findings provide the first comprehensive evaluation of FA–GGBS binary blended GPC with BFS sand, demonstrating its potential as a safe, durable, and environmentally sustainable construction material.

查看原文本刊更多论文

新型高炉矿渣砂二元混合地聚合物混凝土的重金属包封及性能评价

在建筑材料中使用工业废料导致有害重金属的释放，对健康和环境构成风险。本研究旨在以粉煤灰（FA）和磨粒高炉矿渣（GGBS）为粘结剂，以高炉矿渣砂（BFS）代替天然细骨料（NFA），创造一种安全环保的二元混合地聚合物混凝土（GPC）。所有混合物中FA与GGBS的比例为50:50，BFS取代NFA的水平为0 %至100 %。其中，50% % BFS的混合料（G50S50）表现最好。它将砷、铬和硒的浸出率降低了90% %以上，使所有的数值都低于美国环境保护署设定的限值。该配合比抗压强度最高达到46.26 MPa，优于传统混凝土。它具有低吸水率（3.59 %）、小空隙率（3.29 %）和高密度（2489 kg/m³）的优异耐久性。为了确保统计的可靠性，在敏感性分析和主成分分析（PCA）的支持下，进行了Shapiro-Wilk、Kolmogorov-Smirnov和Anderson-Darling正态性检验，证实了浸出、耐久性和强度之间的稳健相关性。通过FESEM、EDS、XRD、拉曼光谱、水接触角和表面粗糙度等微观结构分析，揭示了其精细的孔隙结构和对重金属的有效固定。总的来说，研究结果首次对FA-GGBS二元混合GPC与BFS砂进行了综合评价，证明了其作为一种安全、耐用、环保的建筑材料的潜力。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Construction and Building Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

13.80

自引率

21.60%

发文量

3632

审稿时长

82 days

期刊介绍： Construction and Building Materials offers an international platform for sharing innovative and original research and development in the realm of construction and building materials, along with their practical applications in new projects and repair practices. The journal publishes a diverse array of pioneering research and application papers, detailing laboratory investigations and, to a limited extent, numerical analyses or reports on full-scale projects. Multi-part papers are discouraged. Additionally, Construction and Building Materials features comprehensive case studies and insightful review articles that contribute to new insights in the field. Our focus is on papers related to construction materials, excluding those on structural engineering, geotechnics, and unbound highway layers. Covered materials and technologies encompass cement, concrete reinforcement, bricks and mortars, additives, corrosion technology, ceramics, timber, steel, polymers, glass fibers, recycled materials, bamboo, rammed earth, non-conventional building materials, bituminous materials, and applications in railway materials.