Public transit electrification planning with energy storage via second-life batteries – a stochastic programming approach

IF 11 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Applied Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126868

Sergio Edgar Franco, Jing Wang, Majid Gholami Shirkoohi, Qiao Chen, Walter Mérida

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Abstract

As part of decarbonization strategies, public transit systems are aiming to electrify their fleets in response to climate targets and net-zero goals. However, the resulting increase in electricity demand may lead to energy stress on the electrical grid. Second-life batteries (SLBs) offer a potential solution, yet their financial, energy, and environmental impacts remain underexplored, as does the long-term planning for their integration. This study proposes a strategic planning model for transitioning a public transit fleet to battery electric buses (BEBs), incorporating the deployment of SLBs as a battery energy storage system (BESS). The model jointly optimizes decisions on asset procurement, replacement, route-level fleet assignments, the integration of SLBs as BESS, and the installation of a supporting renewable energy system (RES). A multi-period stochastic programming framework is employed to optimize planning under uncertainties, such as vehicle and battery costs, and the model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. A case study of Metro Vancouver's transit system is conducted to evaluate three electrification pathways. Results show that SLBs can meet up to 84 % of the fleet's recharging energy demand, reduce annual operating costs by up to $107 million, and lower total system costs by $78 million. A sensitivity analysis of battery and electricity prices provides insights into the integration of SLBs under different market and policy conditions.

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利用二次电池储能的公共交通电气化规划——一种随机规划方法

作为脱碳战略的一部分，公共交通系统正致力于实现其车队的电气化，以应对气候目标和净零目标。然而，由此产生的电力需求的增加可能会导致电网的能源压力。二次电池（slb）提供了一种潜在的解决方案，但其财务、能源和环境影响仍未得到充分研究，其集成的长期规划也是如此。本研究提出了一种将公共交通车队过渡到电池电动公交车（beb）的战略规划模型，其中包括将slb部署为电池储能系统（BESS）。该模型共同优化了资产采购、更换、航线级车队分配、slb作为BESS的集成以及支持可再生能源系统（RES）的安装等决策。采用多周期随机规划框架对车辆成本和电池成本等不确定因素下的规划进行优化，并将模型表示为混合整数线性规划。对大温哥华地区的交通系统进行了案例研究，以评估三种电气化途径。结果表明，slb可以满足84%的车队充电能源需求，每年可减少1.07亿美元的运营成本，总系统成本可降低7800万美元。对电池和电价的敏感性分析提供了在不同市场和政策条件下slb整合的见解。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Applied Energy 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

21.20

自引率

10.70%

发文量

1830

审稿时长

41 days

期刊介绍： Applied Energy serves as a platform for sharing innovations, research, development, and demonstrations in energy conversion, conservation, and sustainable energy systems. The journal covers topics such as optimal energy resource use, environmental pollutant mitigation, and energy process analysis. It welcomes original papers, review articles, technical notes, and letters to the editor. Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts that bridge the gap between research, development, and implementation. The journal addresses a wide spectrum of topics, including fossil and renewable energy technologies, energy economics, and environmental impacts. Applied Energy also explores modeling and forecasting, conservation strategies, and the social and economic implications of energy policies, including climate change mitigation. It is complemented by the open-access journal Advances in Applied Energy.