Impact of Quinoxaline Units in Random Terpolymers on Enhancing Indoor Organic Photovoltaics: Lowering HOMO Level and Improving Miscibility

IF 12.1 2区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Small Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI:10.1002/smll.202504603

Huijeong Choi, Gyeong Min Lee, Junmo Kang, Muhammad Ahsan Saeed, Gayoung Ham, Hyungju Ahn, Jun Ho Hwang, Dongchan Lee, Shinuk Cho, Eunji Lee, Hyojung Cha, Jae Won Shim, BongSoo Kim

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Abstract

The rapid growth in demand for the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the need for power sources capable of harvesting energy from indoor light sources. Indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their ability to effectively harness indoor light. However, efficient polymer donors tailored for indoor conditions remain rare, as most high‐performance photoactive materials have been developed primarily for outdoor environments. Here, a series of PM6‐derived terpolymers, PB2FQxn (n = 5, 10, 15, and 20) is presented, incorporating a quinoxaline‐based electron‐accepting monomer 2,3‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4‐fluorothiophen‐2‐yl)‐6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline (B2FQx) as a third component. Introducing the B2FQx monomeric unit into the polymer backbone enables favorable fine‐tuning of the optical, electrochemical, and molecular packing properties. In particular, when blended with L8‐BO, PB2FQx15‐based devices achieve remarkable power conversion efficiencies exceeding 30% under both light‐emitting diode (LED) 1000 lx and fluorescent lamp (FL) 1000 lx illumination. This impressive performance is attributed to the deep‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of PB2FQx15 and its optimal miscibility with L8‐BO. Overall, it is demonstrated that the design of terpolymers incorporating the combination of two electron‐accepting units paves the way to enhance the photovoltaic properties of IOPVs.

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无序三元聚合物中喹啉单元对增强室内有机光伏的影响：降低HOMO水平和改善混相

物联网（IoT）需求的快速增长增加了对能够从室内光源收集能量的电源的需求。室内有机光伏（iopv）由于其有效利用室内光的能力而成为有希望的候选者。然而，适合室内条件的高效聚合物供体仍然很少，因为大多数高性能光活性材料主要是为室外环境开发的。本文提出了一系列PM6衍生的三元聚合物PB2FQxn (n = 5、10、15和20)，其中包含基于喹诺啉的电子接受单体2,3 -二（5 -（2 -乙基己基）- 4 -氟噻吩- 2 -基）- 6,7 -二氟喹诺啉（B2FQx）作为第三组分。将B2FQx单体单元引入到聚合物骨架中，可以对光学、电化学和分子填充性能进行良好的微调。特别是，当与L8 - BO混合时，PB2FQx15 - based器件在发光二极管（LED） 1000 lx和荧光灯（FL） 1000 lx照明下均实现了超过30%的显着功率转换效率。这一令人印象深刻的性能归因于PB2FQx15深层最高已占据分子轨道（HOMO）能级及其与L8 - BO的最佳混相。总体而言，研究表明，结合两个电子接受单元的三元共聚物的设计为提高iopv的光伏性能铺平了道路。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Small 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

17.70

自引率

3.80%

发文量

1830

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： Small serves as an exceptional platform for both experimental and theoretical studies in fundamental and applied interdisciplinary research at the nano- and microscale. The journal offers a compelling mix of peer-reviewed Research Articles, Reviews, Perspectives, and Comments. With a remarkable 2022 Journal Impact Factor of 13.3 (Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics, 2023), Small remains among the top multidisciplinary journals, covering a wide range of topics at the interface of materials science, chemistry, physics, engineering, medicine, and biology. Small's readership includes biochemists, biologists, biomedical scientists, chemists, engineers, information technologists, materials scientists, physicists, and theoreticians alike.