Exploring the spectrum of oral pathologies: A retrospective analysis of clinical and histopathological characteristics.

Abstract

Introduction: Lesions within the oral cavity encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies stemming from various causes. Being knowledgeable about these lesions can aid in both prevention and early detection. The oral cavity frequently hosts congenital and acquired lesions, alongside localized benign and malignant conditions. The vast majority of localized overgrowths of the oral mucosa that are acquired tend to be reactive rather than neoplastic. This study delves into the clinicopathological characteristics of oral lesions diagnosed over a span of two and a half years.

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of oral lesions and determine their frequency.

Materials and methods: Laboratory records detailing all oral lesions diagnosed between January 2021 and June 2023 were retrieved from the archives of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology department. Demographic and histopathological data were compiled and subsequently analysed using SPSS version 20.

Result: Among the total of 219 cases analysed, the majority occurred in individuals aged over 60 years and were predominantly males. Within this group, 64 (29.22%) presented with reactive lesions, 52 (23.74%) with cysts, 49 (22.37%) with pre-malignant and malignant lesions, 31 (14.15%) with benign soft tissue tumours, 13 (5.93%) with fibro-osseous lesions, and 10 (4.56%) with odontogenic tumours.

Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate that the majority of oral cavity lesions are reactive rather than indicative of malignancy. The histopathological and demographic data collected offer valuable guidance for precise diagnosis. It underscores the importance of biopsying any mass lesion, particularly within the oral cavity, to exclude the possibility of malignancy.