Pharyngeal Arches, Chapter 3: Craniofacial Syndromes.

Abstract

Pharyngeal arch development is complex and can result in a wide range of unique head and neck anomalies. Understanding the developmental processes and the related pathoanatomy is essential for clinicians who manage affected patients. This manuscript is the third in a 4-part educational series for plastic surgeons focusing on normal and abnormal pharyngeal arch development. A summary of the etiology and clinical features of each syndrome covered in this manuscript is provided in the Supplemental Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/I489 for quick reference.