Exploring the relationships between clinical manifestations and sex hormones, thyroid hormones, and menstrual factors in female Parkinson's disease patients.
Fan Wang, Jing Zhao, Jichen Du, Jilai Li, Peifu Wang, Zhong Yi, Tao Feng, Zhirong Wan
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Six sex hormones and seven thyroid function indicators were measured, followed by an analysis of the relationships among sex hormone levels, thyroid function, menstrual factors, clinical characteristics, and disease severity in PWP. The effects of sex hormones and menstrual factors on motor complications in PWP were also investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed several key findings: (1) PWP-MC exhibited lower serum prolactin levels than PWP-nMC (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (2) In PWP, serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) scores (<i>r</i> = -0.208, <i>p</i> = 0.043). (3) There were no statistically significant differences in age at menarche, age at menopause, menstrual cycle duration, menstruation duration (Days of active bleeding per cycle), or total years of menstruation between PWP-MC and PWP-nMC (<i>p</i> > 0.05). (4) In PWP, age at menarche was negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale scores (<i>r</i> = -0.264, <i>p</i> = 0.01) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale scores (<i>r</i> = -0.297, <i>p</i> = 0.004); total years of menstruation were positively correlated with MoCA scale scores (<i>r</i> = 0.278, <i>p</i> = 0.006); menstrual cycle duration was negatively correlated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (UPDRS-III) scores (<i>r</i> = -0.246, <i>p</i> = 0.016) and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stages (<i>r</i> = -0.236, <i>p</i> = 0.021); and menstruation duration was positively correlated with HAMA (<i>r</i> = 0.215, <i>p</i> = 0.036) and Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) scores (<i>r</i> = 0.214, <i>p</i> = 0.037). (5) In PWP-MC, age at menopause and total years of menstruation were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores (<i>r</i> = 0.335, <i>p</i> = 0.043; <i>r</i> = 0.352, <i>p</i> = 0.033, respectively); menstruation duration was negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (<i>r</i> = -0.362, <i>p</i> = 0.028) and positively correlated with HAMD (<i>r</i> = 0.329, <i>p</i> = 0.047) and HAMA (<i>r</i> = 0.451, <i>p</i> = 0.005) scores; and menstruation duration was positively correlated with NMSS (<i>r</i> = 0.325, <i>p</i> = 0.050) scores. (6) In PWP-nMC, age at menarche was negatively correlated with MMSE (<i>r</i> = -0.332, <i>p</i> = 0.011) and MoCA (<i>r</i> = -0.296, <i>p</i> = 0.024) scores; total years of menstruation were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III (<i>r</i> = -0.287, <i>p</i> = 0.029) scores and positively correlated with MMSE (<i>r</i> = 0.316, <i>p</i> = 0.016) and MoCA (<i>r</i> = 0.337, <i>p</i> = 0.010) scores. (7) Compared with PWP-nMC, PWP-MC had lower serum triiodothyronine levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and higher serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). (8) In PWP-MC, triiodothyronine levels were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (<i>r</i> = -0.344, <i>p</i> = 0.037) and H-Y stages (<i>r</i> = -0.445, <i>p</i> = 0.005); free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were negatively correlated with H-Y stages (<i>r</i> = -0.476, <i>p</i> = 0.003); and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (<i>r</i> = -0.422, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and H-Y stages (<i>r</i> = -0.365, <i>p</i> = 0.026).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the occurrence of motor complications in PWP may be correlated with prolactin, T3, and FT3 levels. Additionally, attention should be given to thyroid function and serum T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels in PWP, as lower levels may be associated with more severe motor symptoms, higher H-Y stages, and poorer cognitive function. Furthermore, older age at onset was inversely associated with motor complications in PWP, whereas a longer disease duration and higher NMSS score are risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":12488,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Medicine","volume":"12 ","pages":"1573768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12504241/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1573768","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects both sexes, but there are notable differences in its clinical manifestations and management in women.
Objective: This study aimed to compare variations in sex and thyroid hormone levels and menstrual factors between postmenopausal women with and without motor complications (PWP-MC and PWP-nMC, respectively) and analyze their correlations with motor complications.
Methods: Ninety-five Postmenopausal Women with Parkinson's Disease (PWP) provided data on age at menarche, age at menopause, menstrual cycle duration (interval between cycle starts (days)), total years of menstruation (menopausal age - age at menarche), thyroid disease history, and gynecological surgical history. Six sex hormones and seven thyroid function indicators were measured, followed by an analysis of the relationships among sex hormone levels, thyroid function, menstrual factors, clinical characteristics, and disease severity in PWP. The effects of sex hormones and menstrual factors on motor complications in PWP were also investigated.
Results: The results revealed several key findings: (1) PWP-MC exhibited lower serum prolactin levels than PWP-nMC (p < 0.05). (2) In PWP, serum estradiol levels were negatively correlated with Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) scores (r = -0.208, p = 0.043). (3) There were no statistically significant differences in age at menarche, age at menopause, menstrual cycle duration, menstruation duration (Days of active bleeding per cycle), or total years of menstruation between PWP-MC and PWP-nMC (p > 0.05). (4) In PWP, age at menarche was negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale scores (r = -0.264, p = 0.01) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale scores (r = -0.297, p = 0.004); total years of menstruation were positively correlated with MoCA scale scores (r = 0.278, p = 0.006); menstrual cycle duration was negatively correlated with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (UPDRS-III) scores (r = -0.246, p = 0.016) and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) stages (r = -0.236, p = 0.021); and menstruation duration was positively correlated with HAMA (r = 0.215, p = 0.036) and Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) scores (r = 0.214, p = 0.037). (5) In PWP-MC, age at menopause and total years of menstruation were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores (r = 0.335, p = 0.043; r = 0.352, p = 0.033, respectively); menstruation duration was negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (r = -0.362, p = 0.028) and positively correlated with HAMD (r = 0.329, p = 0.047) and HAMA (r = 0.451, p = 0.005) scores; and menstruation duration was positively correlated with NMSS (r = 0.325, p = 0.050) scores. (6) In PWP-nMC, age at menarche was negatively correlated with MMSE (r = -0.332, p = 0.011) and MoCA (r = -0.296, p = 0.024) scores; total years of menstruation were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III (r = -0.287, p = 0.029) scores and positively correlated with MMSE (r = 0.316, p = 0.016) and MoCA (r = 0.337, p = 0.010) scores. (7) Compared with PWP-nMC, PWP-MC had lower serum triiodothyronine levels (p < 0.05) and higher serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (p < 0.05). (8) In PWP-MC, triiodothyronine levels were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (r = -0.344, p = 0.037) and H-Y stages (r = -0.445, p = 0.005); free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were negatively correlated with H-Y stages (r = -0.476, p = 0.003); and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were negatively correlated with UPDRS-III scores (r = -0.422, p = 0.009) and H-Y stages (r = -0.365, p = 0.026).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the occurrence of motor complications in PWP may be correlated with prolactin, T3, and FT3 levels. Additionally, attention should be given to thyroid function and serum T3, T4, FT3, and FT4 levels in PWP, as lower levels may be associated with more severe motor symptoms, higher H-Y stages, and poorer cognitive function. Furthermore, older age at onset was inversely associated with motor complications in PWP, whereas a longer disease duration and higher NMSS score are risk factors.
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Medicine publishes rigorously peer-reviewed research linking basic research to clinical practice and patient care, as well as translating scientific advances into new therapies and diagnostic tools. Led by an outstanding Editorial Board of international experts, this multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide.
In addition to papers that provide a link between basic research and clinical practice, a particular emphasis is given to studies that are directly relevant to patient care. In this spirit, the journal publishes the latest research results and medical knowledge that facilitate the translation of scientific advances into new therapies or diagnostic tools. The full listing of the Specialty Sections represented by Frontiers in Medicine is as listed below. As well as the established medical disciplines, Frontiers in Medicine is launching new sections that together will facilitate
- the use of patient-reported outcomes under real world conditions
- the exploitation of big data and the use of novel information and communication tools in the assessment of new medicines
- the scientific bases for guidelines and decisions from regulatory authorities
- access to medicinal products and medical devices worldwide
- addressing the grand health challenges around the world
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