{"title":"Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer: a review of risk and disease progression.","authors":"Ishvaria Sundaresan, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Radha Saraswathy","doi":"10.1186/s41021-025-00338-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer is still the most common malignancy affecting men worldwide, with causes ranging from genetics to environmental and lifestyle factors. This review narrows its attention to investigate smoking as a risk factor for the start and progression of prostate cancer. While age, ethnic differences, family history, and genetic abnormalities such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 remain important, smoking-particularly long-term and heavy use-emerges as a modifiable risk factor that needs deeper consideration. Though this review attempts to offer a worldwide perspective on smoking and prostate cancer risk, we also include a focus on new research from India, given the country's particular regional patterns and growing evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was undertaken using \"smoking\" and \"prostate cancer.\" The criteria for selecting articles were relevancy, developing research, and accessibility. The exclusion criteria eliminated non-human research and associated issues. This study examined worldwide patterns, however primarily focused on tobacco use and prostate cancer in India according to recent findings. Regional research emphasised smoking and prostate cancer risk patterns and mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tobacco use is still a substantial risk factor for several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Globally, smoking has been associated with an increased risk of getting prostate cancer, with research indicating that smokers had a greater prevalence of aggressive illness. Tobacco usage is very common in India owing to a variety of cultural, societal, and economic variables; hence it is a key focus of this research. The effect of tobacco in prostate cancer risk in India is still being studied, and the data shows that smoking in the Indian population may worsen the development and progression of prostate cancer, similar to worldwide patterns but with regional differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding how smoking affects prostate cancer may improve prevention and early diagnosis, which has public health consequences. These methods may involve targeted screening or lifestyle changes. This review emphasis smoking as a key prostate cancer risk factor, focusing on new Indian findings. More research is required to assess smoking's full impact on prostate cancer risk, particularly in different populations and locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12709,"journal":{"name":"Genes and Environment","volume":"47 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Genes and Environment","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41021-025-00338-8","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"GENETICS & HEREDITY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer is still the most common malignancy affecting men worldwide, with causes ranging from genetics to environmental and lifestyle factors. This review narrows its attention to investigate smoking as a risk factor for the start and progression of prostate cancer. While age, ethnic differences, family history, and genetic abnormalities such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 remain important, smoking-particularly long-term and heavy use-emerges as a modifiable risk factor that needs deeper consideration. Though this review attempts to offer a worldwide perspective on smoking and prostate cancer risk, we also include a focus on new research from India, given the country's particular regional patterns and growing evidence.
Methods: A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was undertaken using "smoking" and "prostate cancer." The criteria for selecting articles were relevancy, developing research, and accessibility. The exclusion criteria eliminated non-human research and associated issues. This study examined worldwide patterns, however primarily focused on tobacco use and prostate cancer in India according to recent findings. Regional research emphasised smoking and prostate cancer risk patterns and mechanisms.
Results: Tobacco use is still a substantial risk factor for several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Globally, smoking has been associated with an increased risk of getting prostate cancer, with research indicating that smokers had a greater prevalence of aggressive illness. Tobacco usage is very common in India owing to a variety of cultural, societal, and economic variables; hence it is a key focus of this research. The effect of tobacco in prostate cancer risk in India is still being studied, and the data shows that smoking in the Indian population may worsen the development and progression of prostate cancer, similar to worldwide patterns but with regional differences.
Conclusions: Understanding how smoking affects prostate cancer may improve prevention and early diagnosis, which has public health consequences. These methods may involve targeted screening or lifestyle changes. This review emphasis smoking as a key prostate cancer risk factor, focusing on new Indian findings. More research is required to assess smoking's full impact on prostate cancer risk, particularly in different populations and locations.
背景：前列腺癌仍然是世界范围内影响男性最常见的恶性肿瘤，其病因从遗传到环境和生活方式因素不等。这篇综述将研究范围缩小到吸烟作为前列腺癌发病和发展的危险因素。虽然年龄、种族差异、家族史和基因异常（如BRCA1和BRCA2）仍然很重要，但吸烟——尤其是长期和大量吸烟——成为一个需要深入考虑的可改变的风险因素。尽管这篇综述试图提供吸烟和前列腺癌风险的全球视角，但鉴于印度的特殊区域模式和越来越多的证据，我们也将重点放在了印度的新研究上。方法：使用“吸烟”和“前列腺癌”对PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science进行系统综述。选择文章的标准是相关性、发展研究和可及性。排除标准排除了非人类研究和相关问题。这项研究调查了世界范围内的模式，但根据最近的发现，主要关注的是印度的烟草使用和前列腺癌。区域研究强调吸烟和前列腺癌的风险模式和机制。结果：吸烟仍然是包括前列腺癌在内的几种恶性肿瘤的重要危险因素。在全球范围内，吸烟与患前列腺癌的风险增加有关，研究表明，吸烟者患侵袭性疾病的几率更高。由于各种文化、社会和经济变量，烟草使用在印度非常普遍；因此，这是本研究的重点。烟草对印度前列腺癌风险的影响仍在研究中，数据显示，印度人口中吸烟可能会加剧前列腺癌的发展和进展，与世界范围内的模式相似，但存在地区差异。结论：了解吸烟对前列腺癌的影响可能有助于预防和早期诊断，这对公众健康有重要影响。这些方法可能包括有针对性的筛查或生活方式的改变。这篇综述强调吸烟是一个关键的前列腺癌风险因素，重点是印度的新发现。需要更多的研究来评估吸烟对前列腺癌风险的全面影响，特别是在不同的人群和地区。
期刊介绍：
Genes and Environment is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that aims to accelerate communications among global scientists working in the field of genes and environment. The journal publishes articles across a broad range of topics including environmental mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, environmental genomics and epigenetics, molecular epidemiology, genetic toxicology and regulatory sciences.
Topics published in the journal include, but are not limited to, mutagenesis and anti-mutagenesis in bacteria; genotoxicity in mammalian somatic cells; genotoxicity in germ cells; replication and repair; DNA damage; metabolic activation and inactivation; water and air pollution; ROS, NO and photoactivation; pharmaceuticals and anticancer agents; radiation; endocrine disrupters; indirect mutagenesis; threshold; new techniques for environmental mutagenesis studies; DNA methylation (enzymatic); structure activity relationship; chemoprevention of cancer; regulatory science. Genetic toxicology including risk evaluation for human health, validation studies on testing methods and subjects of guidelines for regulation of chemicals are also within its scope.
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