Advancing Theranostics with CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Comprehensive Approaches to Synthesis, Biofunctionalization, and Their Potential in Precision Medicine and Targeted Therapeutic Applications
{"title":"Advancing Theranostics with CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Comprehensive Approaches to Synthesis, Biofunctionalization, and Their Potential in Precision Medicine and Targeted Therapeutic Applications","authors":"Rabiya Riffath Syed Altaf, Puruchothaman Venkatesan, Naveen Palani, Keren Celestina Mendonce, Agilandeswari Mohan, T. G. Nithya, Mohankumar Srinivasan, Shakthivel Rajendran, Parthasarathy Surya, Suriyaprakash Rajadesingu","doi":"10.1007/s10948-025-07047-x","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cobalt ferrite (CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles are gaining attention in biomedical science for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. As a hard magnetic material, CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibits moderate magnetism and high coercivity, 1235 Oe–2.2 kOe at room temperature, up to 10.5 kOe at low temperatures. Its saturation magnetization decreases with smaller particle sizes, ranging from ∼69 emu/g for larger particles to ∼35 emu/g for smaller ones. CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> crystallizes in a cubic spinel (AB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) structure, with a lattice parameter of 8.358 Å. Core–shell architectures enhance thermal stability up to 650 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis confirms stability up to 600 °C. This review explores recent advances in synthesis techniques, such as sol–gel and hydrothermal methods, which have enabled precise control over size, shape, and magnetic properties, optimizing CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for biomedical applications. Functionalization strategies, including polymer coatings and biomimetic approaches, enhance biocompatibility and targeted therapeutic performance. One promising innovation is cell membrane coating, which improves immune evasion and drug delivery. By exploring these advancements and addressing the barriers to clinical implementation, this review provides insights into how CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles could become a key player in the future of nanomedicine.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div><p>Biofunctionalized CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles for targeted theranostics</p></div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10948-025-07047-x","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PHYSICS, APPLIED","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles are gaining attention in biomedical science for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and cancer therapy. As a hard magnetic material, CoFe2O4 exhibits moderate magnetism and high coercivity, 1235 Oe–2.2 kOe at room temperature, up to 10.5 kOe at low temperatures. Its saturation magnetization decreases with smaller particle sizes, ranging from ∼69 emu/g for larger particles to ∼35 emu/g for smaller ones. CoFe2O4 crystallizes in a cubic spinel (AB2O4) structure, with a lattice parameter of 8.358 Å. Core–shell architectures enhance thermal stability up to 650 °C, while thermogravimetric analysis confirms stability up to 600 °C. This review explores recent advances in synthesis techniques, such as sol–gel and hydrothermal methods, which have enabled precise control over size, shape, and magnetic properties, optimizing CoFe2O4 for biomedical applications. Functionalization strategies, including polymer coatings and biomimetic approaches, enhance biocompatibility and targeted therapeutic performance. One promising innovation is cell membrane coating, which improves immune evasion and drug delivery. By exploring these advancements and addressing the barriers to clinical implementation, this review provides insights into how CoFe2O4 nanoparticles could become a key player in the future of nanomedicine.
Graphical Abstract
Biofunctionalized CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for targeted theranostics
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism serves as the international forum for the most current research and ideas in these fields. This highly acclaimed journal publishes peer-reviewed original papers, conference proceedings and invited review articles that examine all aspects of the science and technology of superconductivity, including new materials, new mechanisms, basic and technological properties, new phenomena, and small- and large-scale applications. Novel magnetism, which is expanding rapidly, is also featured in the journal. The journal focuses on such areas as spintronics, magnetic semiconductors, properties of magnetic multilayers, magnetoresistive materials and structures, magnetic oxides, etc. Novel superconducting and magnetic materials are complex compounds, and the journal publishes articles related to all aspects their study, such as sample preparation, spectroscopy and transport properties as well as various applications.
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