A Roadmap toward High-Performance Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries:From Fundamental Studies on Synthesis and Mechanism to Practical Application

IF 20.2 1区材料科学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Energy Storage Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104668

Fan Li, Funian Mo, Chunhui Zhong, Yuncai Chen, Zhihan Liu, Yuefei Duan, Xiaomin Ma, Yuping Fan, Xianshu Dong, Zhixiang Chen, Qingxia Liu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have garnered substantial attention in the past decade as a credible complement to the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) widely used today. The abundant reserves and low cost of sodium have propelled research on sodium-ion batteries to an intensified extent. Hard carbon (HC) is regarded as the most suitable anode material for SIBs, for it can be obtained from the pyrolysis of a variety of precursors, and its properties and performance can be tailored by tuning the types of precursors and synthesis conditions. However, the microstructure of hard carbon is not fixed, and it is challenging to characterize it as precisely as graphite. Therefore, the interpretation of the Na-storage mechanism in hard carbon remains unclear. In this work, an in-depth overview of how the precursors and synthesis parameters of HC influence its properties is provided. Three critical structural features of HC are highlighted: crystallites, defects, and nanopores. A comprehensive overview of the known models that elucidate the Na-storage mechanism in HC is presented, with a particular focus on Na-storage behaviors such as insertion, adsorption, and filling. Based on a deep understanding of the sodium storage mechanism in HC, several promising strategies for performance optimization of HC are proposed. This review aims to offer a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of HC, facilitating the rational design of high-capacity carbon anodes and propelling the industrialization of SIBs.

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钠离子电池用高性能硬碳的路线图：从合成、机理的基础研究到实际应用

钠离子电池（SIBs）作为当今广泛使用的锂离子电池（lib）的可靠补充，在过去十年中获得了大量关注。钠丰富的储量和低廉的成本推动了钠离子电池的研究。硬碳（HC）被认为是sib最合适的阳极材料，因为它可以通过多种前驱体的热解得到，并且可以通过调整前驱体的类型和合成条件来定制其性能和性能。然而，硬碳的微观结构并不是固定的，要像石墨一样精确地表征它是一项挑战。因此，对na在硬碳中的储存机制的解释仍不清楚。在这项工作中，深入概述了HC的前体和合成参数如何影响其性能。强调了HC的三个关键结构特征：晶体、缺陷和纳米孔。全面概述了阐明HC中na存储机制的已知模型，特别关注na存储行为，如插入，吸附和填充。在深入了解HC中钠离子储存机理的基础上，提出了几种有前景的HC性能优化策略。本文综述旨在全面深入地了解HC，促进高容量碳阳极的合理设计，推动sib的产业化。

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来源期刊

Energy Storage Materials Materials Science-General Materials Science

CiteScore

33.00

自引率

5.90%

发文量

652

审稿时长

27 days

期刊介绍： Energy Storage Materials is a global interdisciplinary journal dedicated to sharing scientific and technological advancements in materials and devices for advanced energy storage and related energy conversion, such as in metal-O2 batteries. The journal features comprehensive research articles, including full papers and short communications, as well as authoritative feature articles and reviews by leading experts in the field. Energy Storage Materials covers a wide range of topics, including the synthesis, fabrication, structure, properties, performance, and technological applications of energy storage materials. Additionally, the journal explores strategies, policies, and developments in the field of energy storage materials and devices for sustainable energy. Published papers are selected based on their scientific and technological significance, their ability to provide valuable new knowledge, and their relevance to the international research community.