Targeting post-extraction complications with functional hydrogels: Mechanistic insights, translational strategies, and clinical prospects

Abstract

Tooth extraction is a frequently performed dental procedure; however, the complex oral microenvironment can result in post-operative complications such as bleeding, infection, and delayed healing. Effective management of these issues requires a multidisciplinary strategy, with recent advancements in materials science and biotechnology introducing innovative solutions. Among various biomaterials, hydrogels are regarded as particularly suitable for post-extraction sockets due to their exceptional drug delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review systematically summarizes the latest progress in hydrogel-based strategies for managing common complications following tooth extraction. It emphasizes the preventative and therapeutic roles of functional hydrogels, details their advantages over traditional approaches, and explores their potential to improve clinical outcomes. Additionally, the unique physical and chemical properties of hydrogels—such as mechanical strength, swelling behavior, degradation rate, and injectability—are discussed, alongside their biological functions, including tissue regeneration, antibacterial activity, and controlled drug release. It concludes by outlining future research directions for functional hydrogels in post-extraction socket management and considers the challenges associated with their clinical transformation.