Nano-phytochemical-based formulations as promising opportunities for prostate cancer therapy and management: a comprehensive narrative review.

Abstract

Although traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation are effective in the treatment of prostate cancer, they often cause significant side effects, leading to a search for alternative therapies. Phytochemicals show promise due to their strong anticancer properties and lower toxicity compared to conventional treatments. Nonetheless, their therapeutic potential is constrained by issues such as limited aqueous solubility and insufficient bioavailability, both of which reduce their absorption and diminish efficacy within the body. Recent progress in nanotechnology has overcome these challenges by creating nano-phytochemicals. Nanoscale drug delivery platforms enhance the aqueous solubility, chemical stability, and systemic bioavailability of plant-derived compounds. By enhancing their pharmacokinetics, nanotechnology allows for targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells, increasing therapeutic effectiveness. This innovation has redefined phytochemical-based cancer treatment, providing a solution to their previous limitations. Emerging studies reveal that nano-phytochemicals have diverse effects on prostate cancer cells. Research shows that these advanced formulations promote apoptosis (cell death), inhibit cell growth, and prevent metastasis in cancer progression. Additionally, combining phytochemicals with nanotechnology has demonstrated a synergistic effect, increasing prostate cancer cells' sensitivity to conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. This strategy may offer safer and more efficacious therapeutic alternatives, thereby contributing to enhanced clinical outcomes for patients. In conclusion, the combination of phytochemicals and nanotechnology marks a significant breakthrough in prostate cancer therapy. This review discusses recent evidence on anti-prostate cancer effects of 12 phytochemicals (Hesperidin, Berberine, Curcumin, Quercetin, Caffeic acid, Apigenin, Epigallocatehin Gallate, Thymoquinone, Genistein, Resveratrol, Eupatorin, Fisetin, Epicatechin, Lupeol), in both free or nano-encapsulated forms, by focusing on their anticancer molecular pathways, in in vitro (types of prostate cancer cell lines) and in vivo (xenograft or other animal models), and clinical trials (completed or ongoing), as well as the synergistic interactions of these compounds with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments.