Challenges and Solutions in Advanced Management of Diabetic Foot Infections: A Review of Recent Studies.

Abstract

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) represent a significant and prevalent complication of diabetes, contributing to considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs globally. These infections, ranging from mild monomicrobial cases to severe polymicrobial infections, often require hospitalization and can result in limb amputation. The microbial etiology of DFIs is diverse, with common pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and various anaerobes. The pathogenic mechanisms of DFIs are complex, involving peripheral neuropathy, vascular insufficiency, and immune dysfunction, all exacerbated by a hyperglycemic state. Despite advances in treatment, the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, presents a major challenge to managing these infections effectively. This review systematically examines the pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, microbial profiles, and treatment strategies for DFIs, with an emphasis on antibiotic resistance and new therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, the article highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach, including early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, advanced wound care, and patient education to mitigate the risk of severe complications. Given the rising global burden of diabetes, improved management of DFIs remains critical for reducing the incidence of amputations and minimizing the economic burden on healthcare systems.