Associations between Individual and Geospatial Characteristics and Power of 4G Signals Received by Mobile Phones.

IF 7.7 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Research Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030

Alexia Laplanche, Florence Guida, Monika Moissonnier, Ludivine Launay, Remi Beranger, Isabelle Lagroye, Rosa Orlacchio, Maëlle Fontaine, Serge Bories, Taghrid Mazloum, Emmanuelle Conil, Anke Huss, Joe Wiart, Aurélie Danjou, Joachim Schüz, Olivier Dejardin, Isabelle Deltour

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4^th Generation LTE networks.

Objective: This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities.

Methods: Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors.

Results: From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 seconds over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km²). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas.

Conclusion: Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.

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个人和地理空间特征与移动电话接收的4G信号功率之间的关系。

背景：RSSI （Received Signal Strength Indicator）是指在第四代LTE网络中，智能手机接收到的下行信号强度。目的：本研究评估个体、技术和空间因素对日常活动中LTE-RSSI的影响。方法：在2022年11月至2023年10月期间，法国成年人使用XMobiSensePlus Android智能手机应用程序记录RSSI和GPS数据。利用地理信息系统分析了从Cartoradio获得的到运营商最近天线的距离、人口和天线密度以及城市化程度。RSSI的决定因素评估使用自回归混合模型结合限制三次样条的距离。使用转换系数估计环境暴露在1800兆赫。结果：从187名参与者的1,9969,913条记录中，在7.9天内每30秒测量一次，平均LTE-RSSI为-79.3 dBm。估计电场强度为0.12 V/m，尽管存在很大的不确定性。到最近天线的中位数距离为536 m。靠近天线会增加RSSI。天线密度正影响RSSI（总β = +0.37 dBm每平方公里每增加一个天线）。RSSI在傍晚和夜间较低，尤其是在城市地区。智能手机的技术参数（Android版本和System-on-a-Chip）会影响RSSI，但运营商不会。在农村地区，靠近天线的影响更大。结论：城市化程度、到最近4G天线的距离、天线密度、一天中的时间和智能手机的技术参数影响法国4G网络的RSSI水平，但对运营商没有影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Research 环境科学-公共卫生、环境卫生与职业卫生

CiteScore

12.60

自引率

8.40%

发文量

2480

审稿时长

4.7 months

期刊介绍： The Environmental Research journal presents a broad range of interdisciplinary research, focused on addressing worldwide environmental concerns and featuring innovative findings. Our publication strives to explore relevant anthropogenic issues across various environmental sectors, showcasing practical applications in real-life settings.