A Framework for Structuring Research Campaigns leveraging Model Based Systems Engineering

Abstract

This manuscript presents a novel application of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to define and execute a campaign of research aimed at addressing an ambitious system design end state. Unlike traditional approaches that begin with fixed requirements, the methodology adopts an evolutionary approach to investigate the “art of the possible.” Starting with a high-level description of the end state, a series of derived research questions are defined that must be sequentially answered to achieve the final goal. These questions serve as the foundation for defining research activities, each articulated to address one or more questions while incrementally advancing understanding of the solution space. Leveraging MBSE ensures traceability between research questions, research activities, and evolving system architectures, as part of a robust framework for managing complexity.

Each research activity is conducted using a specific prototype system. The architecture of that system is developed to address the scope of the research questions being asked. Initial research activities focus on simpler questions and employ straightforward architectures, establishing baseline knowledge and proof-of-concept capabilities. Subsequent research activities build on these foundations, progressively increasing in complexity as they address more challenging research questions. This incremental, evolutionary approach enables the systematic refinement of design concepts and technologies, while reducing risk and uncertainty as system design progresses towards the desired end state.

The methodology departs from traditional verification and validation (V&V) practices by focusing on exploratory research rather than verifying predetermined requirements. Instead, the aim is to probe the feasibility and potential of emerging ideas and technologies. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of this framework, highlighting how an applied MBSE approach can guide complex research campaigns with clarity and precision. The results emphasise the value of this approach in system development for ambitious use cases that may otherwise be unattainable.