Fatimah Javaid Qureshi, Muhammad Anwar, Muhammad Asif Nawaz, Mehnaz Omer, Sanober Hameed, Saqibah Rehman
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Abstract
Objective: To assess cardiovascular atherogenic risk in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by comparing lipid profiles and plasma atherogenic indices (PAI) with those of healthy controls.
Study design: A comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Chemical Pathology, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from February to July 2024.
Methodology: Ninety children with short stature, aged 3-12 years were evaluated. They were categorised into the growth hormone-deficient group (GHD group) and the healthy control group (Control group) based on the insulin tolerance test, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels. Fasting lipid profiles were assessed, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and non-HDL cholesterol. The PAI was calculated as log (TG/HDL). Data were analysed using SPSS version 23. The independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare continuous variables between the two groups, whilst the Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at p ≤0.05.
Results: Among the 90 participants, 48 exhibited GHD and 42 were healthy. Children with GHD showed markedly increased TC, TG, LDL, non-HDL cholesterol, and PAI values (p <0.001). Their HDL levels were also reduced compared with those of the healthy controls. A substantial proportion of GHD children (77.8%) were classified as high-risk based on PAI, whilst 100% of those with elevated non-HDL cholesterol were GHD. Atherogenic lipid parameters demonstrated a negative correlation with IGF-1 levels (p <0.001). IGF-1 concentrations correlated favourably with GH and HDL basal concentrations.
Conclusion: Children with GHD exhibited dyslipidaemia and elevated atherogenic risk markers, indicating a predisposition to premature atherosclerosis.
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