Chemistry, Applications, and Synthesis Methods of Indole Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

Indole and its derivatives represent a crucial class of heterocyclic compounds with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. The indole core is a fundamental structural motif in numerous biologically active natural products, including alkaloids, as well as synthetic molecules exhibiting diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. This review concisely addresses the biosynthesis of the indole nucleus and highlights several noteworthy derivatives, including tryptophan, indigo, and indole-3-carbinol, among others. It explores the chemistry of indole derivatives, emphasizing their multidisciplinary relevance, and substantial impact across various fields of scientific research. Furthermore, the review discusses both classical and contemporary synthetic methodologies for constructing the indole framework, with an emphasis on sustainable approaches aligned with green chemistry principles.