[Psycho-oncological and psychosexual consequences of penile cancer: what can we offer our patients?]

Abstract

Penile cancer is a rare but highly distressing form of cancer in men, associated with both physical and psychosocial challenges. With an incidence of 1-10 cases per 100,000 men, its prevalence varies worldwide, with higher rates observed in developing countries. The disease often leads to physical deficits, including loss of the penis and impairments in sexual life, which can result in significant psychological burdens such as anxiety, depression, and a diminished self-esteem. Stigmatization and social isolation play a central role, especially in cultures where masculinity and sexuality are closely linked. The clinical classification is based on tumor stage, depth of invasion, lymph node involvement, and histological differentiation, with treatment approaches including surgery, oncology, and preventive measures such as human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. The psychosocial burdens vary depending on tumor stage and treatment course: patients in early stages usually experience less psychological distress, whereas advanced stages are associated with considerable emotional challenges. The psychosexual consequences, particularly after amputation, are profound and have lasting effects on body image and sexual function. Studies show that early psycho-oncological support, including counseling, sex therapy, and trauma interventions, can significantly improve quality of life. An interdisciplinary collaboration among urology, oncology, psycho-oncology, and social work is essential to ensure holistic care. In the future, digital services, individualized support concepts, and specialized programs could further enhance patient care. Early and comprehensive psycho-oncological support should be an integral part of the treatment for patients with penile cancer to sustainably promote their psychological wellbeing. Overall, it becomes evident that psychosocial support for this rare disease, despite its importance, remains insufficiently integrated and could be improved through targeted measures.