Patient-specific implants for intraoral and maxillofacial reconstruction: a scoping review on customization and fabrication methods.

Abstract

Background: Maxillofacial defects compromise both function and aesthetics, posing significant challenges in rehabilitation. The advent of digital technologies has enabled the development of patient-specific implants (PSIs), providing individualized solutions that enhance clinical outcomes.

Main body: This scoping review, conducted following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, explored literature published between January 2015 and January 2025 across PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and COCHRANE databases using the PCC framework. Eligible studies included original research, case reports, randomized and non-randomized trials, and finite element analyses addressing intraoral rehabilitation with PSIs. Evidence highlights that CAD/CAM and 3D printing facilitate the fabrication of anatomically precise, patient-matched implants. These technologies contribute to reduced surgical time, high implant survival, improved mastication, and enhanced speech outcomes, while complication rates remain low. Comparative findings suggest no major differences in fit or longevity between milled and printed PSIs. Furthermore, ongoing innovations such as bioprinting and tissue engineering offer potential pathways toward biologically integrated maxillofacial solutions.

Conclusion: PSIs represent a promising modality in maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation. Optimizing outcomes requires continued research into advanced materials and digital fabrication techniques to expand their clinical scope.