Green synthesis of graphene oxide sheets via Morinda citrifolia leaf extract: a sustainable approach for multifunctional biomedical applications.

IF 2.9 4区生物学 Q3 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

3 Biotech Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-04 DOI:10.1007/s13205-025-04531-y

Nathiya Thiyagarajulu, Chinnaperumal Kamaraj, Paramasivam Deepak, M Sonia Angeline, Priya Josson Akkara, L Aranganathan, Vanitha Marunganathan, Alaa S Alhegaili, Ajay Guru

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Abstract

A green and sustainable approach was employed to synthesize reduced graphene oxide (MCrGO) using Morinda citrifolia leaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The successful transformation of GO to MCrGO was confirmed through comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Raman spectroscopy exhibited slight shifts in the D and G bands, with an increase in the intensity ratio of D-band to G-band (I_D/I_G) ratio from 0.91 (GO) to 0.92 (MCrGO), suggesting enhanced structural disorder typically associated with effective reduction. Additionally, Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed a marginal increase in the carbon/oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio from 3.49 (GO) to 3.53 (MCrGO), indicating efficient deoxygenation. Transmission Electron Microscopy images demonstrated the presence of ultra-thin, monolayered MCrGO nanosheets with characteristic wrinkles and corrugations, confirming morphological refinement. The biofunctional efficacy of MCrGO was evaluated through in vitro assays. MCrGO exhibited superior antioxidant activity with a maximum DPPH radical scavenging rate of 71.92% at 100 µg/mL, compared to GO. Antibacterial analysis showed significant inhibition zones against G + ve: B subtilis (19.3 ± 0.7 mm) and G-ve: E. coli (15.5 ± 0.3 mm) at 100 µg/mL, indicating potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity assays on A549 lung cancer cells have shown 54.62 ± 1.6% cell viability reduction compared to 72.84 ± 1.58% by GO at 500 µg/mL. The enhanced biological performance of MCrGO is attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents, including phenols and flavonoids, embedded during the bioreduction process. These findings highlight the potential of M. citrifolia-mediated MCrGO for applications in therapeutics and biomedicine.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-025-04531-y.

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利用桑叶提取物绿色合成氧化石墨烯片：多功能生物医学应用的可持续方法。

以桑叶提取物为天然还原剂和稳定剂，采用绿色可持续的方法合成还原性氧化石墨烯（MCrGO）。通过全面的光谱和微观分析，证实了氧化石墨烯成功转化为MCrGO。拉曼光谱在D和G波段有轻微的变化，D波段与G波段的强度比（ID/IG）从0.91 （GO）增加到0.92 (mccrgo)，表明有效还原通常与结构无序增强有关。此外，能量色散x射线（EDX）分析显示，碳/氧（C/O）原子比从3.49 （GO）增加到3.53 (mccrgo)，表明有效的脱氧。透射电镜图像显示了超薄的单层MCrGO纳米片的存在，具有典型的皱纹和波纹，证实了形态的改进。通过体外实验评估mccrgo的生物功能功效。在100µg/mL浓度下，MCrGO对DPPH自由基的清除率达到71.92%，比氧化石墨烯具有更强的抗氧化活性。抑菌分析表明，当浓度为100µG /mL时，对G + ve：枯草芽孢杆菌（19.3±0.7 mm）和G-ve：大肠杆菌（15.5±0.3 mm）具有显著的抑制作用，具有较强的广谱抑菌活性。在A549肺癌细胞的细胞毒性实验中，氧化石墨烯浓度为500µg/mL时，细胞活力降低54.62±1.6%，氧化石墨烯浓度为72.84±1.58%。MCrGO的生物性能增强是由于在生物还原过程中嵌入了包括酚类和类黄酮在内的植物成分。这些发现突出了M. citrifolia介导的MCrGO在治疗学和生物医学中的应用潜力。补充信息：在线版本包含补充资料，提供地址为10.1007/s13205-025-04531-y。

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来源期刊

3 Biotech Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

0.00%

发文量

314

期刊介绍： 3 Biotech publishes the results of the latest research related to the study and application of biotechnology to: - Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - Agriculture - The Environment The focus on these three technology sectors recognizes that complete Biotechnology applications often require a combination of techniques. 3 Biotech not only presents the latest developments in biotechnology but also addresses the problems and benefits of integrating a variety of techniques for a particular application. 3 Biotech will appeal to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry focused on the safe and efficient application of Biotechnology to Medicine, Agriculture and the Environment.