Room-temperature acetone gas sensing using Sm-doped Co-Zn ferrite nanoparticles: role of mesoporosity and oxygen vacancies in enhancing sensor response.

IF 4.6 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nanoscale Advances Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI:10.1039/d5na00631g

Anil B Mugutkar, Shyam K Gore, Siddheshwar D Raut, Sunil M Patange, Rajaram S Mane, Shoyebmohamad F Shaikh, Sagar E Shirsath, Santosh S Jadhav

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Abstract

This study presents the synthesis, structural characterization, and acetone gas sensing behavior of nanocrystalline Co-Zn-Sm ferrites (CZSmF) with the general formula Co_0.7Zn_0.3Sm _x Fe_2-x O₄ (x = 0-0.04), synthesized via the sol-gel auto-combustion method. Rietveld-refined X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the formation of a single-phase spinel structure (space group Fd3̄m), with crystallite sizes ranging between 31 and 43 nm as determined by the Williamson-Hall method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) reveal well-defined nanocrystals with predominantly oval morphology and an average particle size of ∼28 nm. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis indicates mesoporous behavior with surface areas ranging from 6.2 to 15.2 m² g^-1 and pore sizes in the range of 16-22 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the oxidation states of Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺, and Sm³⁺ ions and reveals significant oxygen vacancies contributing to the gas sensing mechanism. The CZSmF sample with x = 0.01 (CZSmF01) demonstrates superior acetone sensing performance at ambient temperature (296 K), exhibiting high selectivity, a swift response time of 84 s, and a rapid recovery time of 24 s for 100 ppm acetone. The optimized sensing performance is attributed to a synergistic combination of favorable crystallite size, pore architecture, and oxygen vacancy-induced n-type conduction. Additionally, CZSmF01 shows high stability and reproducibility across multiple cycles and maintains linear response characteristics across a concentration range of 25-100 ppm, establishing its applicability for quantitative detection. Notably, the sensor also demonstrates humidity sensing with low response (10 s) and recovery (8 s) times, indicating multifunctionality. The results highlight the potential of CZSmF01 for commercial acetone detection applications.

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使用sm掺杂Co-Zn铁氧体纳米颗粒进行室温丙酮气体传感：介孔和氧空位在增强传感器响应中的作用。

采用溶胶-凝胶自燃烧法合成了分子式为Co0.7Zn0.3Sm x Fe2-x O4 （x = 0-0.04）的纳米晶Co-Zn-Sm铁氧体（CZSmF）的合成、结构表征和丙酮气敏行为。Rietveld-refined x射线衍射（XRD）分析证实形成了一个单相尖晶石结构（空间群Fd3 * m），通过Williamson-Hall法确定晶粒尺寸在31 ~ 43 nm之间。透射电子显微镜（TEM）和选择区域电子衍射（SAED）显示了定义良好的纳米晶体，主要具有椭圆形形态，平均粒径为~ 28 nm。brunauer - emmet - teller （BET）分析表明，该材料具有介孔特性，其比表面积为6.2 ~ 15.2 m2 g-1，孔径为16 ~ 22 nm。x射线光电子能谱（XPS）证实了Co2+、Zn2+、Fe2+/Fe3+和Sm3+离子的氧化态，并揭示了显著的氧空位有助于气敏机制。x = 0.01的CZSmF样品（CZSmF01）在环境温度（296 K）下表现出优异的丙酮传感性能，具有高选择性，对100 ppm丙酮的快速响应时间为84 s，快速恢复时间为24 s。优化的传感性能归因于有利的晶体尺寸，孔隙结构和氧空位诱导的n型传导的协同组合。此外，CZSmF01在多个循环中表现出高稳定性和重复性，并在25-100 ppm的浓度范围内保持线性响应特性，从而建立了其定量检测的适用性。值得注意的是，该传感器还具有低响应（10 s）和恢复（8 s）时间的湿度传感，表明多功能。结果显示了CZSmF01在商业丙酮检测中的应用潜力。

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