Grain-boundary refinement in wire-arc directed energy deposition of duplex stainless steel via in-process ultrasonic vibration

IF 2.5 4区材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Welding in the World Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI:10.1007/s40194-025-02123-1

Antoine Queguineur, Olli Wiikinkoski, Mohammad Hallaji, Gaurav Mohanty, Jean-Yves Hascoët, Iñigo Flores Ituarte

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Abstract

Wire-arc directed energy deposition (WA-DED) is the subject of extensive research in metal additive manufacturing (AM). This study investigates the influence of ultrasonic vibration (UV) on the material properties of deposited ER2209 duplex stainless steel filler wire and evaluates the effects of UV treatment on walls fabricated both with and without weaving. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of a specially developed UV table prototype, showing clear impacts on grain size and ferrite content in the deposited samples. UV treatment reduces the primary ferrite grain width and enhances phase distribution homogeneity, potentially influencing the ferrite-to-austenite transformation during successive reheating cycles. Although the effects on surface morphology and hardness were minimal, significant microstructural changes occurred within the deposited material. UV-induced grain refinement modifies the austenite content, revealing a beneficial interaction between vibration and phase evolution. The UV table design provides a valuable foundation for reproducibility; nevertheless, further optimization of the setup is required to improve performance and support its integration into advanced industrial applications.

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超声振动在双相不锈钢丝弧定向能沉积中的晶界细化

线弧定向能沉积（WA-DED）是金属增材制造（AM）领域广泛研究的课题。研究了超声振动（UV）对沉积ER2209双相不锈钢填充丝材料性能的影响，并评价了UV处理对有编织和无编织墙体的影响。结果表明，特别开发的UV台原型对沉积样品的晶粒尺寸和铁素体含量有明显的影响。UV处理减小了初生铁素体晶粒宽度，增强了相分布均匀性，在连续的再加热循环中可能影响铁素体向奥氏体的转变。虽然对表面形貌和硬度的影响很小，但沉积材料内部发生了显著的微观结构变化。紫外诱导的晶粒细化改变了奥氏体含量，表明振动和相演化之间存在有益的相互作用。UV台设计为重现性提供了有价值的基础；然而，需要进一步优化设置以提高性能并支持其集成到先进的工业应用中。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Welding in the World METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING-

CiteScore

4.20

自引率

14.30%

发文量

181

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： The journal Welding in the World publishes authoritative papers on every aspect of materials joining, including welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, thermal spraying and allied joining and fabrication techniques.