Small-Signal Modelling of Bidirectional CLLC Converters for Onboard Charging Application in Electric Vehicles

IF 1.6 3区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI:10.1002/cta.4431

Nidumolu Vijaya Anand, Yalla Naveen

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Abstract

A two-stage onboard battery charger with an CLLC resonant converter is a widely adopted configuration in the automotive industry. The ZVS and ZCS capability of the switching devices with high operating frequency of the CLLC converters encourages its application in various EV platforms to improve efficiency. In the literature, various authors proposed many methods to control the CLLC converters efficiently, but up to now, no simple and accurate small-signal equivalent circuit modelling is available. As dynamic networks are load-dependent, closed-loop voltage and current controllers provide more stable operations in these converters. In this paper, a detailed mathematical modelling of the CLLC converters with time domain analysis has been presented. The proposed mathematical model accurately predicts the small-signal behaviors seen in pulse-frequency-modulated (PFM) CLLC resonant converters whether the switching frequency is below, near to, or above the resonant frequency. Stable closed-loop controllers for both current and voltage loops in battery charging applications are designed and detailed. A prototype hardware is been built and the experimental results with the load variations with the designed controllers are tested and the results are been discussed in the paper.

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电动汽车车载充电用双向CLLC转换器的小信号建模

带CLLC谐振变换器的两级车载电池充电器是汽车工业中广泛采用的一种配置。CLLC变换器具有高工作频率的开关器件的ZVS和ZCS能力，促进了其在各种电动汽车平台上的应用，以提高效率。在文献中，各种作者提出了许多有效控制CLLC变换器的方法，但到目前为止，还没有简单准确的小信号等效电路建模。由于动态网络是负载相关的，闭环电压和电流控制器在这些变换器中提供了更稳定的运行。本文用时域分析方法对CLLC变换器进行了详细的数学建模。所提出的数学模型准确地预测了开关频率低于、接近或高于脉冲调频（PFM） CLLC谐振变换器的小信号行为。设计并详细介绍了电池充电中电流和电压环的稳定闭环控制器。搭建了原型硬件，对负载随控制器变化的实验结果进行了测试，并对实验结果进行了讨论。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

34.80%

发文量

277

审稿时长

4.5 months

期刊介绍： The scope of the Journal comprises all aspects of the theory and design of analog and digital circuits together with the application of the ideas and techniques of circuit theory in other fields of science and engineering. Examples of the areas covered include: Fundamental Circuit Theory together with its mathematical and computational aspects; Circuit modeling of devices; Synthesis and design of filters and active circuits; Neural networks; Nonlinear and chaotic circuits; Signal processing and VLSI; Distributed, switched and digital circuits; Power electronics; Solid state devices. Contributions to CAD and simulation are welcome.